flatexDEGIRO SE (FTK) Earnings Call Transcript & Summary

Hello, everyone, and welcome to flatexDEGIRO Analyst Call Second Quarter 2026 Conference. Please note that this call is being recorded. [Operator Instructions] I'd now like to hand the call over to Achim Schreck, Head of Investor Relations. Please go ahead.

Good morning, everyone, and many dialing in and a warm welcome to our analyst call relating to our Q2 2026 results, which we published yesterday evening post-market close. My name is Achim Schreck. I'm heading the IR team here at flatexDEGIRO. With me today are our CEO, Oliver Behrens as well as our CFO, Dr. Benon Janos, who will lead us through today's presentation. We also have with us Dr. Thomas Lindner, our Global Head of Ian as well as my IR colleague, Laura Hecker. As usual, we would like to provide a short run through the presentation before we open up for your questions. You might have seen already from the published documents that we are already voluntarily adopting the new reporting standards under IFRS 18, which will become mandatory next year. For those who are not yet familiar with the new standard, we have provided additional information on our website, including a video in which Thomas is explaining the key changes resulting from the adoption of IFRS 18. You find all this information in the report section of our IR website, where we've created a separate top just for IFRS 18. In the appendix, you also find 2 overview slides today showing you our financial performance over the last 6 quarters. And to increase transparency, we are showing this overview in both ways. So under the new IFRS 18 standard as well as under the historic IF 1 standard, which at some point will, of course, be discontinued. During today's presentation, we will only make a few references to those changes where necessary but please do check out the additional material on our website and get in touch with the IR team for any follow-up questions you might have on IFRS 18 today. And without any further ado, I'm very pleased to now hand over to Oliver. Oliver, please go ahead. The floor is yours.

Thank you, Achim. Good morning, everyone, and welcome to the Q2 Analyst Call. We had already started into the year with a record first quarter and the same strong momentum has continued throughout the second quarter. In some areas, it has even accelerated with Liberation Day in April 2025 we were faced with some rather tough comps this quarter, yet we managed to further increase the number of trades by over 20%. Yes, it is fair to say that we have benefited from the current market environment. Volatile markets are generally good for us, but it is not just that. Our customer growth is structural as we are benefiting from secular trends, serving the needs of millions of Europeans to use capital markets for building wealth in a convenient, transparent and very cost-efficient way. We earn the trust of our customers by delivering on our promises and providing stable and secure access to the markets when it matters most. In return, our customers entrust us with growing parts of their private wealth, resulting in increasing average trade sizes, higher cash balances on our platform and most visibly, customer assets on our platform having crossed now over the threshold of EUR 100 billion. Once again, our customers have added over EUR 5 billion of fresh money to our platform over the last 6 months alone. The underlying foundation is our business model is growing in strength day by day, which is also what gives us further confidence in our ability to successfully explore the opportunities lying ahead of us. And for the time being, we are doing this without having to add cost in any meaningful way. In fact, our operating expenses even declined slightly during the second quarter. while our top line grew by more than a quarter. As a result, net income grew by 55% to EUR 61 million in the quarter and to EUR 115 million in the first half year. both impressive record most in their own right. FlatexDEGIRO is going from strength to strength, even more than what we had anticipated before. Consequently, we increased our full year guidance. First, before the end of the second quarter and now a second time when it comes to net income. I will elaborate more on the further upgraded guidance at the end of today's presentation. But before I hand over to Benon for the financial details of our Q2 development, I would like to briefly touch on some of the opportunities I just mentioned lying ahead of us. FlatexDEGIRO strives to establish itself as a European platform for building wealth. As such, we are 1 of the key beneficiaries from the significant catch-up content Europe still has to do when it comes to capital markets participation over the coming years. In this context, savings plans or automated investments as they will be called in our international markets is an important entry-level product for us. During the first quarter, we enhanced our offering at flatex by adding fractional shares to the assets available for such a recurring savings plan investments with over 1,000 eligible stocks more than 6,000 further ETF and fund products and saving rates starting as low as EUR 25. We offer our customers 1 of the best products in this area in Germany and Austria. In Q4, we will now begin to roll out this product to our digital markets. starting in our most important market, Netherlands. At the same time, we are obviously putting a strong focus in Germany on ensuring that once the German pension reform becomes effective in January 2027 flatex will not only be ready, but will make a very strong and price-attractive offering to this new customer segment. And to take 1 likely question from the Q&A upfront, no, we will not communicate the potential pricing today, but repeat what we have said before, why it is strategically very important for us to attract this customer group early on, the short-term P&L effect will be very minor. Savings plans and German pension accounts are 2 key focus areas that are easy to single out. But as important is also the constant improvement of the underlying customer offering to drive customer engagement by leveraging our proprietary technology and wide market access. Our strong position in the European retail market is recognized not only by our customers but also by renewed companies seeking capital market access to retail investors. For the SpaceX IPO, flatexDEGIRO were not just one-off many local distribution partners. We were 1 of the 4 key brands alongside with Revolut, Interactive Brokers and Trade Republic that was highlighted in the local IPO prospectus in Germany, the Netherlands, France and Spain. Under the front page, headline create a brokerage count. Probably the strongest endorsement from an issuer, you could hope for during a strongly retail-focused IPO. With this, let me close my opening remarks and hand over to Benon for the financial details. Benon, the floor is yours.

Thank you very much, Oliver, and good morning, everyone, from my side as well. Thanks for joining today's Q2 results call. I trust you all had the opportunity to review the presentation and the materials we shared. Therefore, as usual, I will not walk through every single slide in full details this morning, but rather focus on the key developments and drivers behind our performance and the additional transparency we are now providing under IFRS 18. Before I go into the details, let me briefly touch on this IFRS 18. With our H1 2026 results, we are among the early adopters of the new reporting standards. We view this as an opportunity to further enhance transparency and comparability for investors. While the overall financial performance, especially revenue and net profit does not change at all. IFRS 18 introduces a more granular presentation of our income streams and profitability metrics. As a result, today, we are providing additional disclosures, which we believe offer a clearer view of the key drivers of our financial performance. Throughout the presentation, I will highlight these changes and explain some of the refinements to some of our KPIs. Let's now turn to our commercial performance on Slide 9. You have seen our monthly KPI releases, so I will keep the hall to brief. Q2 once again demonstrated strong client engagement across the platform. While customer additions normalize, trading activity remains above prior year level. Settled transactions increased by 22% year-on-year to EUR 21.9 million, highlighting continued customer activity despite the strong comparables from Q2 last year, and especially Liberation Day in April 2025. Another encouraging indicator of client engagement is the average trading activity per customer which increased by 6.3% to around 25.1 trades in the first 6 months of 2026 compared to 23.6 trades in H1 of 2025. At the same time, customer assets under custody reached a new record high, surpassing EUR 100 billion for the first time, driven by both strong net inflows and positive market performance. Let's move to net cash inflows on Slide 11. In the second quarter of 2026, net cash inflows reached EUR 2.0 billion. This was below the exceptionally high Q2 2025 level of EUR 2.5 billion, which was impacted by the Liberation Day market environment, but still represents a strong inflow level. For the first half of 2026, net cash inflows amounted to EUR 5.2 billion. In H1 of 2026, 100% of net cash inflows were reinvested compared to a historical average of 95% and around 85% in the first half of 2025. This reinforces that our existing and new customers are not only bringing assets to the platform, they are also actively deploying them into security. Turning to Slide 12 and our revenue development. Overall, revenue momentum remained strong and was again supported by both core income streams, commission income and interest income. Commission income benefited from a larger customer base as well as higher trading activity among our clients. Interest income showed strong growth despite a lower interest rate environment compared to last year. This was driven by continued strong net cash inflows, higher customer cash balances, increased utilization of our margin loan book and the further expansion of our treasury activities. By the end of Q2 of 2026, our treasury book stood at EUR 1.3 billion with an average yield of around 2.3%. Before going deeper into the commission per transaction KPI, I would like to spend a moment on Slide 13 because it is an important change in our disclosure. With the adoption of the new IFRS 18 standards, our revenue disclosure becomes at the same time more granular. Commission income is now split into 2 categories: transaction-related commission income and above commission income. Transaction-related commission income captures income generated from brokerage activities, including income from crypto trading on a net basis. Going forward, this will form the basis for the calculation of commissions per transaction. Other commission income primarily includes administrative fees, connectivity fees and commission income from securities lending on a net basis. In the second quarter of 2026, transaction-related commission income amounted to EUR 102 million, while other commission income amounted to EUR 5 million. This refined disclosure gives investors a clearer view of the revenue directly generated from trading activities and separate it from other commercial-related revenue components. Going forward, we will calculate commission per transaction based on transaction-related commission income rather than total commission income as under the previous methodology. This clarification provides a more accurate measure of the revenues generated directly from citing activities. It also reduces the unusual seasonal distortion we typically see in the first quarter when connectivity fees and certain other administrative fees are recognized and temporarily uplift commission income. As a result, the KPI is now reported on a technically lower but more meaningful and comparable basis. Under the new methodology, commissions per transaction amounted to EUR 4.64 in Q2 of 2026, broadly stable compared to EUR 4.62 in Q1 of 2026 and meaningfully up from EUR 4.39 in the second quarter of last. So in a nutshell, the revised calculation provides investors with a cleaner view of the monetization of client trading activity and improved comparability across reporting periods. For transparency and comparability reasons, Slide 15 shows the previous calculation of commission a transaction based on total commission income. Under the previous methodology, commissions per transaction would have amounted to EUR 4.89 in Q2 compared to EUR 5.09 in the first quarter of this year, and EUR 4.69 in Q2 of 2025. Here, you can see the seasonal Q1 peak pattern I just mentioned. Let's now turn to Slide 16 and the additional transparency we are providing around net interest income, or NII, a metric that has become an increasingly important focus for both investors and analysts. The new disclosure not only aligns our reporting more closely with the way other financial institutions typically present and assess earnings performance but also provides a clearer view of the contribution and profitability of our interest-related activities. Gross profit amounted to EUR 145 million in the second quarter of 2026, up 27% year-over-year and 4% below the exceptionally strong Q1 2026. Net commission income came in at EUR 90 million, an increase of 31% year-over-year, while net interest income reached EUR 50 million, up 21% year-over-year and 8% quarter-over-quarter. What we have effectively done, we've taken the historic cost of goods sold and are now splitting them into the 3 relevant categories, commission expense, interest expense and other operating expenses. Now on to operating expenses on Slide 17. Overall, operating expenses decreased year-over-year, driven primarily by lower personnel and marketing expenses. Personnel expenses amounted to EUR 24 million in Q2 2026, down 21% compared to EUR 31 million in the second quarter of last year. Current personnel expenses declined by 11% year-over-year to EUR 25 million, reflecting the positive impact of work cost measures initiated last year, which more than offset general salary inflation trends. Second and more significantly, expenses for long-term variable compensation amounted extraordinarily to negative EUR 1 million in the quarter compared to EUR 3 million in the second quarter of 2025. This was mainly driven by the regular assessment of accrued expenses for long-term variable compensation based, as always, on an expert opinion as well as the early repurchase of outstanding stock appreciation right under the old 2020 SAR program. We highlighted this previously, and as announced, this SAR buyback program was initiated in May to mitigate the volatility in our long-term variable compensation expenses caused by the legacy stock appreciation line. The higher-than-expected acceptance rate of the repurchase offer to our employees also reduced future compensation expenses. Marketing and advertising expenses came down significantly quarter-on-quarter to EUR 9 million in Q2 of 2026 compared to EUR 21 million in Q1 of 2026 and EUR 7 million in Q2 of 2025. Other administrative expenses amounted to EUR 14 million in Q2 of 2026 and remains broadly stable. Overall, the quarter once again demonstrated the scalability of our platform and our ability to translate strong revenue growth into this proportionate earnings growth through disciplined cost management. Now on to the bottom line on Slide 18. With IFRS 18, operating profit is introduced as the new central earnings measure. It is largely comparable to our previous EBIT line item with only minor differences arising from certain accounting regulations. Importantly, operating profit now follows a standardized IFRS definition, enhancing comparabilities across companies and sectors, and we actually very much welcome this new framework. Historically, we have actually took less focus on the EBITDA line, and this is pretty much exactly what we are looking for a standard approach for all companies on a standard definition. So in the second quarter of 2026, operating profit amounted to EUR 85 million, growing more than 50% year-on-year. Looking at the net income line. Q2 delivered another record result for our group with quarterly net income exceeding EUR 60 million. This is supported by strong revenue growth across both commission income and interest income, combined with disciplined cost management. Net income reached a new all-time high and came in well ahead of analyst consensus expectations. This again highlights the significant operating leverage embedded in our business model, operating leverage that continues to expand. After 2 exceptionally strong quarters, this also translated into a record first half of the year with net income reaching EUR 115 million. This achievement is the result of the trust our customers place in us, the strength of our business model and most importantly, the dedication and commitment of our employees across all locations and functions. Now I would like to hand back to Oliver who will walk us through our updated '26 guidance following these record results. Thank you, and over to you, all.

Thanks a lot, Benon. I mentioned earlier that the positive momentum of the first quarter was very visible in Q2 as well. We already saw good trading activity and significant cash inflows during the quarter, which solidified our positive view on 2026 and made us increase our guidance in June to revenues of approximately EUR 650 million and a net income of approximately EUR 200 million. That means that on both levels, we expected to already achieve the midterm targets that we have set ourselves for 2027. Now I know that with our strong performance in Q1 already, these targets were sometimes already labeled as conservative by numerous market participants. However, if you go back just 18 months to the beginning of 2025, when we first issued these targets, they were actually called rather ambitious in most sell-side reports. So having pulled forward these expected delivery of these financial ambitions by a full year tells you quite something about the journey we have embarked on. And as you will have seen from yesterday evening's update, we have now been able to even further increase our net income expectations to up to EUR 230 million. In addition to the already clearly visible strong top line development, the second quarter results provided a much more solid basis for sustainable lower operating cost going forward. This is particularly true for personal expenses. As Benon explained in more detail already, the measures we have taken in 2025 now start to show in the P&L. And the impact of the long-term variable compensation will also be lower. Nevertheless, we are, of course, mindful of our -- of the fact that our business model is naturally linked to factors such as market volatility. Market volatility can go either way and our ability to adjust short term is limited. The expected net income range of EUR 200 million to EUR 230 million does take this into account, meaning if we were to see a reasonable slowdown of trading activity in the second half of 2026, we would still expect to reach the lower end of the range. At the same time, in order to move towards the upper end of the range, we would probably need more market tailwind in the coming months. Not impossible, but clearly not a conservative scenario either. Let me stop here and open the floor for your questions on the quarter. Maybe Achim, you can take over again and run us through the process for the Q&A now.

Thank you, Oliver, and thank you, Benon for running us through the Q2 presentation, and we would now very much like to take your questions for this, I will hand it back over to the moderator to briefly reintroduce the process for the Q&A before we are then starting with the first question.

[Operator Instructions] Your first question comes from the line of Andrew Lowe of Citi.

The first question is just on your customer trading behavior. Could you please provide the mix of U.S. share trading in Q2 and how that compares to Q1 2026 and the full year 2025. Avant and 1 in their Q2 results flagged that there was a higher mix of U.S. share trading, particularly in the latter half of Q2, and that was driven by sort of AI and semi stocks? And given that these stocks have sold off quite a lot in recent weeks, I'd love to hear if you could provide any color about how consumer behavior has evolved in July so far. Has there been a sort of marked decline in the share of U.S. share dealing. Similarly, could you provide a little bit of color about how the average trade size has evolved in recent quarters. I seem to recall that you said that your average equity trade was EUR 6,000 in Q1 '26 and that compares to about EUR 5,000 in 2025. So I'd love to hear what that figure was in Q2. And then a sort of follow-up on your securities lending and third-party deposits, could you provide a little bit more color on the volumes and revenues in those businesses in Q2 and specifically within the securities lending, are you still happy with the 20 basis point net margin from that business and the 20% to 30% utilization of securities under custody over the longer term.

Maybe -- so I start, Oliver, with the first -- on the U.S. trading, I'll maybe start on the development in the second quarter and then we will go from there. During the first quarter this year, we saw a continued shift from U.S. equities to European equities, which actually started more than a year ago. The share of U.S. exchanges, which have reached peak of roughly 25% by the end of '24 and further moderated to around 15% by the end of Q1 versus the 20% by the end of Q4 of 2025. However, in the second quarter of 2026, the volume of stocks traded at U.S. exchanges increased compared to Q1 of this year. And consequently, the share of U.S. exchanges and total trading volume also increased to an average of roughly 20% during the second quarter. The average ticket size of U.S. trade continues to also rise, which then helps us benefiting in FX revenues, for example. We also have tailwinds from things like the SpaceX IPO in many countries. So that's sort of on the question of the U.S. box trading. And then maybe I'll jump into the average trade size. So we continue to see a positive trend. So what I can give you is basically a good comparison of 2025 to 2026 in the first half. which, as you rightfully said, was around EUR 6,000 at the beginning of the year. For the first half, our average is for the entire group, approximately EUR 6,400 compared to EUR 5,600, roughly for all of 2025 on average. So we continue to see a slight lift up in the average notional volume of an order.

In a way, it follows a little bit also the growth of the assets under custody. It's -- the more money clients make, the more money they put on the platform, the bigger the trades get. So it's also clear if the market would retrace at some point in time. The average order might also follow that size-wise. but it's a personal comment. On -- you asked on sec lending and deposit as a service. We have not disclosed so far or the details of the revenues. We always said in '27 we want to have somewhere between 5% and 10% of recurring income. I can tell you that securities lending, obviously, we have a little bit underestimated the effort required to talk to customers about the benefits of this. But in terms of results, we are exactly on what we factored into our planning. We also said that we will go live for the Germany to offer sec lending through the 0 Germany to German customers as the German regulatory framework is a little bit more complex. but we believe for clients that are looking to earn interest basically on their share portfolio. This offer would then be somewhat unique to the German market because we can use our German branch of our Dutch subsidiary to offer sec lending into the German market, which we feel make a difference for those clients seeking those business profile. In terms of deposit as a service, I think we stand now somewhere at EUR 11 billion or EUR 12 billion in that business, total volume, the Hamburg Commercial Bank went live at the end of March. So they are collecting deposits. Obviously, the deposit market with Chase and others entering is getting more competitive. Nevertheless, we still have EUR 3.5 trillion of deposits that based on the bonus bank report and an average coupon of 0.6%. So there is a market out there. CRD 6 regulation supports our business idea. We expect to go live with another bank either late this year or early next year to basically broaden our offering there. For those who are not familiar with this business, you can look up Hamburg Direct bank or a PBB, fund brief bank director, Comunale and so on. Those are all clients that -- where we provide the entire service This, by the way, does not require any capital on our side as we operate within their balance sheet. It's a full outsourcing model. I hope, Andrew, this answers your questions to your satisfaction.

That's really, really helpful, really great detail. Can I just ask 1 very quick follow-up, if that's okay on the securities lending. So you're going to offer it through your German branch of -- is that only available to the customers? Or can you leverage that branch into your flatex customer base? .

Well, the flatex customer wants to open another count with the DEGIRO branch in Germany. We will not stop them from doing that.

Your next question comes from the line of Grace Dargan of Barclays.

Maybe 1 on costs and then coming back to kind of customer performance. So maybe first on the cost, it was obviously a very strong performance I guess, how should we be thinking about the evolution of personnel expenses from here? And more broadly, how should we be thinking about the shape of the overall OpEx base in Q3 and Q4? Are there any lumpy pieces? How should we be thinking about the shape of the marketing spend? And then secondly, on customer additions. Obviously, you've controlled that marketing spend really well, but you've seen the normalization in the customer additions in Q2. So how are you thinking about balancing those 2 elements going forward. Do you have any appetite to increase your kind of customer acquisition costs to drive further customer additions? Or yes, how are you thinking about balancing that.

Maybe I will start with the OpEx costs and then cover the line items which are not marketing, and we'll then hand over to Oliver for the marketing part. So we do not expect any surprises in the second half of the year. It's business as usual. So we think we will continue to benefit from a reduced personnel spending line compared to what we have seen last year, for example. The number of employees that we have is not moving meaningfully so we expect today until the end of the year a total cost of maybe EUR 100 million to EUR 105 million, something in there. On top of that, we have a layout of variable compensation which will again not reach the levels that we have seen last year due to the fact that we, for example, bought back some of the outstanding virtual shares that our employees had it. On the administration cost line, no major surprises there. we will see a small inflation movements in there, but there are no cost items that will trigger a EUR 5 million additional spending or anything like that. So I think the admin cost line and the personnel cost line are well under control. And then for the marketing questions and the marketing costs, then I'll hand over to Oliver.

Yes. I think you saw that marketing expenses have normalized in Q2 in a way, and we expect this trend to continue. notwithstating the fact that, of course, marketing expenses and the outcome of client acquisition is also a relative function of how much the competition is burning. And some of our competitors have a significant marketing budget, and we don't know how much they will burn when the others footers introduced in Germany. We will monitor the situation very carefully. We have set our budgets and what we expect to spend in this case has been on described. So you should not expect any negative surprises on our side. This is all factored into our guidance. with the usual caveats on markets and so on. So hopefully, that makes sense.

Your next question comes from the line of Christiane Holstein of Bank of America.

Just a couple of questions for me. So firstly, on competition in Germany. I know you were saying before customer acquisition is very much dependent on what's happening in the broader market and what competitors are doing. So I was just wondering if you could provide a little bit more color on what you've been seeing in Q2 and are you seeing any pricing pressure on existing products? I know this has been a focus of the market in the past and just wanted to see how you're thinking about this after Q2.

Sorry, price pressure or price increase. I didn't hear the end of it.

Price pressure on existing products. My next question is then also on marketing expense and customer acquisition costs. So customer acquisition costs normalized in Q2, which was great. although marketing guidance does still imply quite a step down in Q3 and Q4, assuming a stable customer growth. I was just wondering how you're thinking about this and if you are comfortable with the remaining marketing budget going into product launches for the German pension reform? And then my final question was just on the opportunity from Payoff ban coming in from 1st of July. Are you expecting any positive benefits from that.

So first of all, the marketing expenses, we feel comfortable that we will be able to achieve the expected client growth from here, and we also expect the government to do a little bit of a marketing job for us at their costs because they want the population to participate in this retirement savings account. So the tone from the government towards investing will be more positive. That should help the overall market environment. The penetration rate in this country is still way below the Americas or Sweden and so on. So there's massive growth opportunity for everybody, price pressure we do not see because PF ban was already alive in most of our markets. So we are already at the low side of the pricing in most of the markets. In Germany, you have some of the players that offered everything for 0 for everybody, they struggle to make money in the new offering of Trade Republic, they basically doubled the price from 1 to 2 with some additional features. We don't see at the moment a significant price pressure happening. What did I miss on your question. Is PFO an opportunity. I think the introduction of Pivot in Germany as well will create more transparency on pricing. I think it will also create more transparency through ABA and BaFin in terms of more transparency on, let's say, excessive bit of spreads or other things where clients could get ripped off. We follow since many years, best execution principles in all our markets. which is highly appreciated by clients.

Your next question comes from the line of Oliver Carruthers of Goldman Sachs.

Oliver Carruthers from Goldman Sachs. I just have 1 question left. On your Slide 22, the guidance slide, this looks a little bit different to the kind of guidance slides that I've seen before where you've given more of -- some of the building blocks of some of the, I guess, revenue inputs and cost inputs. I think Benon, you went through some of the cost inputs today just on the call. But is this the new format of how you're going to be guiding the market on a slight basis? Or is this more of a function of the fact that we're transitioning to IFRS 18 and maybe some of the items like CPT, as you said, or maybe less applicable in the old format, but just any steer on how you intend to guide the market going forward would be much appreciated.

Oliver, I think you're putting a bit too much emphasis on the layout structure of the thing. So our guidance is revenues and net income, and that's key. And then we will always try to use arguments around the entire story in a way that suits the current moment. But there is nothing to read into that. The numbers or guidance, and then we'll provide additional information as needed to undermine and underline all that. But don't read anything into what we or don't show on this slide compared to the previous version.

Okay. Understood. And just maybe for the avoidance of Doug, could you just help us understand how we should think about marketing spend in the second half of this year?

Well, marketing spend, we have a budget of EUR 46 million, and that is the plan to spend that. Maybe it's going up and down by EUR 2 million, EUR 3 million, but that's about it.

Your next question comes from the line of Christoph Greulich of Berenberg.

Three from my side, please. Firstly, I wanted to quickly follow up on the costs. I mean you already went through quite a few of the moving parts. I was just wondering on the D&A line that went up by, I think, almost 20% sequentially in Q2 so just wondering if that is any one-offs in there or is that around EUR 13 million is the new normal quarterly level that you expect? Then I wanted to also quickly follow up on your comments on the guidance. If I remember correctly, the I'd say your underlying assumptions on the cash deposits has been, let's say, an element that led to maybe a somewhat conservative guidance in the part or in the previous quarter. So just wondering if you can give any color on what's your underlying assumption on cash deposits from here now baked into the new guidance? And then lastly, I wanted to ask on the customer growth. I mean the intensive competition in Germany has been pretty well flat. I was just wondering on the hero side. We've also seen a bit of a slowdown year-over-year of any kind of countries or specific markets that stand out that have contributed to that?

Yes. Maybe I'll start, Christoph, on your first line -- first question on the cost structure. We actually took a one-off management buffer as a precaution for our 2 retail real estate funds of EUR 2 million. So that's a one-off -- for the first time, we deviate from the net asset value that the third party relating simply as a precautionary measure. There were no signals, nothing in there but we just thought it's prudent to potentially put in a EUR 2 million line into that. So that's why the D&A line has moved, and we don't expect that to repeat in the next 6 months and in every month. So it's a one-off. On the cash deposit side, the hardest part for us is to make an estimate as to how much of the cash inflow that we have gets transformed into purchase stock. We try to get a ceiling for that, but in the end, life is always different than our assumptions. To recall, every single euro that came on to our platform was we invested this year, to 100%. That's a pretty high ratio. The average is more like 95%, but we had an unusually low ratio last year of 85%. So money continues to come in strong and even now during the summertime, we have net cash inflows onto our platform, which are higher than what we've seen historically. But ultimately, we simply don't know whether equity purchases are being made or not. So with respect to our assumption for the rest of the year, the range of EUR 200 million to EUR 230 million, there are some elements of the cash deposit line. So flat or maybe even slightly declining deposit base would potentially be more an input for the lower end of the guidance, we're slightly rising or maybe meaningfully rising, 1 -- would be 1 for the upper end. Last year, our deposit base grew 40%. This year, we're not on track for the same 40% growth as of today. with the biggest win factor really the reinvestment rate and not the actual money transfers onto our platform. On customer growth, maybe I'll hand over to Oliver.

Yes. I mean, our plan is between 10% plus customer growth. Obviously, every month is not the same, and the numbers fluctuate slightly. But we continue to believe that we -- especially with the enhancements of the platform can continue to grow like this. I think we also need to take into consideration that in some parts of Europe, jobless rates are increasing. also rising interest rates and a very attractive offers, let's say, those of Chase and some other banks at 4%, also make people think twice. But the underlying trend might fluctuate in the short term. But in the long run, we stick to our growth projections and believe that this overall trend also supported by the government to create a 4:1 pension system comparable to the U.S. will stimulate the growth of savings plans. That's why we are preparing for this in shares and in funds as well as in other countries will enhance our offering there and strongly believe that the trend of growth will not go away. The relative penetration rates across Europe are in Germany, around 14% of household holding equity. And in the rest of Europe, it's rather closer to 10% or 11% that compared to the U.S., which is at 65% or so, signals, I'm not saying we will get there. But from here to there, there's a lot of room for upside.