Mettler-Toledo International Inc. (MTD) Earnings Call Transcript & Summary

Hi, everybody, and welcome. My name is Matt Eby. I am your host and moderator and probably as you'll hear, the narrator of the recorded webinar we're about to play. Hey, just a couple of quick reminders. First of all, thank you for joining us. We're going to start in just a few minutes, give a couple of minutes for everybody to get logged in and set up. You can use the chat for any kind of technical difficulties that you're having or questions that you have during the webinar and I'll try to answer those and through technical questions as well or if they are long-winded answers that I don't feel like typing out, I might wait until the end to deliver those on our live Q&A session. This is recorded if you miss anything, I have issues you can play it back later on or even encourage a colleague to check it out. And if you need, you can request to myself, Emily or Renee, a PDF copy of the slides. Also, there's going to be a poll at the end. So if you don't mind hanging out and just answering a couple of quick questions that will help us possibly do better in the future. So again, thank you very much for joining us, give us just a few more minutes here, and we'll let the show begin. Let the questions come forth in the chat or again, open it up and we can do a live Q&A. Otherwise, please try to stay muted and we'll also try to keep you guys muted during the actual webinar and presentation. Thanks. Hello, and welcome to our Good Karl Fischer Titration Practice Webinar. We'll begin momentarily. If you have any questions, feel free to enter them in the chat, and our presenters will answer or wait till the end, and we'll take them live. My name is Matt Eby. I'm currently a technology and applications consultant for Mettler-Toledo's North American Lab Group. I have held such roles as lab intern, tech support agent, instrument sales rep, global titration product manager, tech support manager, global key account manager for the chemical industry, all before being a TAC in my nearly 19 years at Mettler-Toledo. Please make sure that you're engaged and tuned in to the webinar. If you have any questions, you can ask them at any time during the webinar in the chat or wait till the end if you going there live. We'll not have any polls during this webinar, but we do welcome your opinion and comments through the chat. If you have any technical issues, please make sure you try and communicating through the chat. And of course, just reload your browser or possibly restart your application. And of course, you know about Mettler-Toledo and a Lab Group, but we also play in many other areas and chemical and pharmaceutical and food and beverage analysis, including process analytics, industrial way, product inspection of logistics solutions and our retail solution at supermarket. We offer a very broad solution range across our customers' line and we focus on streamlining our processes enhancing your productivity, helping you reach compliance with regulatory requirements as well as oftentimes in cost at producing lines. Now without further ado let us begin with our Good Titration Karl Fischer Practice Webinar. Okay. So welcome, and thank you all for joining us for our Good Titration Practice Karl Fischer presentation. And again, my name is Matt Eby. I think you read my bio probably on the log in, I work at Mettler-Toledo now for about 18 years and a variety of roles. And right now, I'm a technology and application consultants with East Coast in the United States. Good Titration Practice as part of our GXP program. And what we look at in GTP is step one, really evaluating the process and looking through what you do now and today in that and selecting the right instrument and services to go along with that properly setting it up and installing it and then proper qualification, if your industry and your regulations require that. And then finally, really, hey, that happens in pretty short order, maybe a couple of months, then the instrument sits on the bench for the next 10, 15, 20 years. Especially Mettler stuff, maybe that 20 years. And we really want to talk a lot about routine operation. And a lot of that is understanding how the instrument of the chemistry works. Just to show you some of our other good practices here to have good winning practice. We have good pipe heading practice, good electrochemistry, good UVs, good density and refrac and good thermo analysis practice. So definitely make sure you catch us at mt.com/gp for a bunch of different guides, future webinars, recorded webinars, also to great stuff, even white papers for any other analytical instruments, you may be interested in learning about it. It has to be Mettler, a lot of times, you'll see that this is just about Karl Fischer, sure little section of Mettler eyes, but even if you own competitor instruments, you're going to learn something here today. Okay. So that was the marketing banner and hopefully, you join us for more, and let's get into it and talk about the Karl Fischer Titration Chemical, we'll overview the agenda here a little bit. We're going to talk about the chemistry, the different reagents used, proper sampling techniques. And then just a little bit about the hardware of the titrators and auctions and accessories and even software features. And then finally, a section on Good Karl Fischer Titration and maintenance and tips and tricks. So 1 thing to note about Karl Fischer Chemistry is it is actually a 2-step reaction involving a lot of different chemicals. What that really means to you is if you're doing like acid-based titrations, they're going to go 20x faster than a Karl Fischer Titration. Redux and 2-step means that it's not quite as fast. But after all -- you look at all this different kind of stuff, really what it boils down to is a one-to-one relationship between the water that you're looking for and the iodine is either generated or introduced into the solution. The solvent is an alcohol, which is actually, in this case, it's methanol in their action and is actually involved in their action as well as acting as a solvent. So we need always at least 50% of the solvent to be methanol or you can occasionally use some other alcohols, but methanol works best. And we need a suitable base that keeps the pH buffer between pH 5 and 7. In the past, we used to use tuning for that. It's awful, it's stinky and causes cancer. So today, we avoid that as all costs and use a metazoan, and we have actually learned something in the transition. We always kind of used to think that the ideal pH was like 4 to 5 or 4 to 6, and that's when we use tuning. We've actually found that the optimal pH of the vessel during the chemical reaction is around 5 to 7 and that's better maintained by metazoan. And you'll see here if you really are dipping well below that 5, you're going to get very, very slow titrations. And if you're much above the pH 7 you're going to get the reaction to go forward normally, but you're also going to get some side reactions occurring in some false results. The double pin platinum sensor here is what is used to do intact. The endpoint or when all the waters titrated out. And it's really a solid state. It's just a big chunk of glass with some platinum pin. I mean, you can really see a good shot there. Those welded wires and those platinum pins inside the glass. And we can use this sensor in 1 or 2 ways. Constant voltage is maintained by measuring variable current microbiomes. And that would be, for example, we can do some chlorine titrations in the water by the sea. But the most common use of the sensor, of course, is volumetric analysis, whoops you got some auto 4 there. And that is used to maintain a certain amperage and vary the millivolts. And that's what we use in the Karl Fischer titrations, and you'll see how that mechanism works here shortly. So the voltage needed to maintain what we call the IPO or the method set polarization current is monitored. So normally, we'll set this as a 20 micro amps and without iodine available on the solution to carry a charge, a large potential is required. Now when there's no iodine in there, that means that there's actually a lot of water in there. So what we do is we keep adding or generating iodine and adding it into the solution until it has reacted according to that chemical mechanism with all the water. And then we get a tiny, tiny, tiny excess of iodine and that iodine easily carries the charge across those 2 pins, so the millivolts required to maintain the amperage drops significantly. So basically -- and you see this, too, if anybody owns a Karl Fischer in that volumetric, Karl Fischer -- even coulombmetric, you add the water and the solution clears up and you keep adding the iodine and we get a nice gold color when you're done or standby mode. And that's just a nanomole excess of iodine. So we start with an animal access, we end with a nanomole excess and record the iodine in between to get us there. As far as the mechanism of adding that iodine, this is just a layout of our current volumetric, Karl Fischer Titrator, 1 of them called the V30 and we actually -- we use a burette. So it's got this 3 port 2 position stock cork on top of the burette that either when the burette piston is going up and down, either sucks in iodine dispenses it into this solution, into this solvent. And we've got our sensor and we've got it protected from water and grass. Now with the coulombmeter you'll see that we're missing that burette and in this case, we'll talk about that chemistry. We actually electrochemically generate iodine in the vessel from iodide. So I kind of pretend this is my broad sword, maybe 500 PPM up to 100% and go a little bit lower if you modify the chemicals in the method. And this is kind of my scalpel, 1 or 2 PPM up to about 1% or 2%. There is some crossover there, too. So how does the coulombmeter work and make iodine? Obviously, the volumetric 1 just squirts it in dispenses it like sodium hydroxide with acids or whatever. So a coulombmeter is based off of a coulomb. 1 coulomb is 1 amp for 1 second. And using the Faraday constant, we know that x amount of coulombs are needed per amount of electrons and we always assume 100% electrical efficiency. So every coulomb that goes in there is converting an electron. And how this boils out is for the coulombs that we can monitor very, very, very accurately like we can do volume of the volumetric titrator. We know that it is 10.721 coulombs per milligram of water based off the molecular weight of water and the fact that we need 1 mole of water is equivalent to 2 iodines or iodides in this case. So that's that little 10.72 factor of how many coulombs did I generate versus how much water does that mean in my sample. You may see in the calculation. And again, the chemistry is exactly the same, volumetric, coulombmetric, it doesn't really matter. We have an iodine react with our water. But it's -- the difference between volumetric and coulombmetric is how did we make that iodine. In this case, we strip an electron from our iodine or iodide and we make iodine. And then that electron has to go somewhere, and I think why I mentioned there. So it really gets dumped off into the cathode and the catholyte and converts H+N2 hydrogen gas. And again, no worries. This is in nanomole. So you could literally hold a lighter above the egress of that gas, and it would never light it is not at all in a hazardous level. So -- that's how that works. And the iodide generation speed depends on a couple of things. The surface of the generating electrode, which we've tried to make as massive as possible, of course, to speed up those reactions and generation. Bolted ejected generator and the conductivity of the electrolyte. So the influences on the connectivity are samples. If you're adding some really long chain organics, you're going to actually dampen down the conductivity, and you may have to exchange yourself on more often or even other solvents. Chloroforms is usually not that bad, but like THF, acetonitrile, some of the oddball cosolvents will actually cause some issues and cause the conductivity to raise up. So with a normal conductivity the current can be 400 milli amps to 2,100 micrograms of H2O and the low conductivity current is about 200 milli amps is used about 1,050 micrograms of H2O. So normally, in most cases, using a coulombmeter, you're going to have the high normal conductivity and only a few cases where specialty cosolvents are really long chain chemicals are used. We may have to use a low conductivity setting. And then if it gets too low, we actually give an air message, and it will tell us, hey, the connectivity is too low to do the titration, which means I cannot assume 100% efficiency of my coulombs being turned into iodide. So there are 2 different kinds of generators, too, where we have a diaphragm generator, where there's a porous diaphram in between the cathode where the catholyte and the anolyte or the cathode chamber and the anode chamber. And the iodine is only present where the sample is and the anolyte and it doesn't have a risk to go up and get converted back to iodide with that electron that we mean to dump on hydrogen. Now the diaphragmless generator, what we do is to present that iodine that we generate from iodide from floating back up to that pin and getting reconverted is for one it's vertical. So as we generate that hydrogen gas, it creates a bubble shield around it, and we also stir very fast. So a titration cell without a diaphram is ideal for hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, alcohol titration cells, easier to clean with a diaphragmless generator, it's faster and easier to achieve a stable low drift and also a more stable value. And the big thing is it's only 1 reagent to deal with. I mean, that simplifies life. You don't have to clean as much. We can stir faster. It's a 2-step reaction, so we get faster results. So basically, if you can go diaphragmless, if you have 1 of these cases where you have to like really low level water content, you need to be accurate or less than 50 ppms or 10 ppms or so. Or it's something like a nitro compound or something that's easily reduced, like your sample could actually float up and touch the pin or whatever and actually interfere, that's when we need to use a diaphragm generator. I'd say only want -- maybe 2% of sales really need a diaphragm generator. Unfortunately, a lot of people buy diaphragm generators because we didn't have diaphragmless before, and they're just buying the same thing that they had before. Okay. Now we're going to talk a little bit about the Karl Fischer reagents. And this is a big part of it is picking the right reagents for our application, and this burns a lot of people a lot of time. So with volumetric systems, there are 1 in 2 component systems. And you may see different vendors have different names like 1 comp, combi, whatever. So I'm just trying to pick some standard names here. So 1 component system that has all the goodies in the titrant bottle. We saw that in metazoan, we need SO2, we need iodine. They also had like a diethylene, glycol, monoethyl ether something like that as a stabilizer or methanol or ethanol as a solvent or very similar like a methyl cellulose. So Basically, all the goodies are in the titrant bottle, then you can use just about anything as you're solving. You can buy good dry methanol. You can put it in a drum, you can buy ethanol and use it. Sure, it's nice to get the solvents for the manufacturers that makes titrants, because they've got a little stabilizer in there. They make sure it's nice and bone and dry. It's kind of between reagent grade and the HPLC grade. So it's always good to look at maybe even if you're doing a combi titrant, to buy a methanol solvent from a KF reagent manufacturing. But -- now a 2-component system, you're dividing up all the required elements for the reaction to the 2 different solutions, 1 being in the titrant, which is just going to be methanol and iodine. And then the solvent contains all that other stuff. So the advantage there is it's a little bit faster because you have more of that SO2 and metazoan, especially in the first 2 or 3 samples in the vessel. Once you've run a couple of samples using a 1 component system, you actually have a lot of excess SO2 and metazoan from the titrant being added. So it speeds things up. And the titrant's a little bit more stable. Any water ingress might actually not react or might evaporate back out or is not reacting up the iodine and hits a saturation point. So now there is also the ability to do 1 and 2 components. So some people will do I buy the combi titrant, and the combi solvent. And that's because three minutes is too long for me to wait for an answer. I need it like 1.5 minutes or 1 minute. So that really speeds things up, but you're really kind of throwing money at the problem. And there are some alternates here. Typically, your combi titrants and new titrants are 5 milligrams of H2O per mil, that's kind of like the normality. I just like to mention that in how many milligrams of water per mil are neutralized instead of saying 0.1 normal or normal, it's more relative to what you're doing. And there are also lower level solutions. So there's a 2-milligram per watt H2O per mil on a one. So sometimes you may have a volumetric and you're trying to do really low-level stuff as well as high-level stuff that might make sense to get to 2 milligram. The diaphragm generator, so this 1 is going to have 2 different solutions, the anolyte and the catholyte. And the anolyte you typically want to go to about 100 mils or so and that actually, as you can see in the diagram, what you really want to make sure of, 2, is that the anolyte is always higher level than the catholyte. So a lot of people add that catholyte it's typically in a seal little ampule, the 5 mils kind of dump it into that generator chamber first and then have the anolyte on the outside and make sure it's always higher because we want gravity to work for us where anolyte goes into the cathode not vice versa. And the reason is, is the cathode never gets to drive a solution. That's why it comes in a little ampule, so it's not ever gaining moisture in storage. So standard sample and really, a lot of times, you're going to see that you have to use diaphragm system with a lot of iodine and ketone reagents. There are some 1 reagent, if you ever want to use diaphragmless for iodine and ketone that we can use, you can contact me. And any of your like freons or easily reduced samples, we really want to put in a diaphragm generator to avoid the sample from ever, ever contacting the cathode. And then they're under the mil, diaphragmless again, less is more when it comes to simple and handling chemicals. So you only get the anolyte. It's got all the ability to host both the iodine and hydrogen generation. It's really great for your standard samples, samples with big solubility issues. We're going to use a lot of different cosolvent there. And again, like I said, only 1 reagent really works with that iodine ketones, with some method change with the diaphragm generator. Let me know if you're interested in learning more. When we directly inject our samples, we may need some cosolvents. So if my sample doesn't dissolve in methanol 100%, but it is also a chemical that mixes well with methanol and then I can add a cosolvent or look at alternate alcohols, like maybe it dissolves better in ethanol or maybe I want to keep my lab methanol-free or isopropanol. So you are going to see some e-marked solutions out there, and that usually means that the methanol basis are methanol, ethanol instead of methanol-based, and we can add a bunch of different cosolvents. There are already pre-blended solvents out there. So you may have some solution that's meant for crude oils and the manufacturer already makes like the methanol or the collimate, with some maybe a xylene and some chloroform mixed in. Or you can just buy really dry chemicals and blend yourself, which is typically a little bit cheaper and easier. So toluene, if we mix that with the methanol is ideal for polyols and synthetic oils and lubricants. Chloroform is really good for those natural oils, whether it comes from the ground or a plant like palm oil or crude. Longer chain aromatic samples, depending on which 1 decane or hexane, sugar-containing samples, we like to use for formamide. The trip with formamide is, like all these other ones, you can take like a 4-liter jug and do 3 parts methanol, 1 part chloroform and then just keep using it over a couple of months. With formamide, you must mix it with the methanol at the time you introduce it to the chamber. It is not stable for very long. It starts to form formic acid. And then from a previous slide, we all know what happens if we get to acidic, we start to slow the reaction down too much. Now a lot of solvents or systems will -- we can either add or already have in there like an oven version is ethylene or propylene glycol. That really acts as a -- kind of like a cooling or basically a solution and mix with your methanol to raise the boil point. This is really advised if you're using an oven, again, temperatures maybe 180, 200 or above, and you don't want a lot of your methanol to flash off. Like you said, THF and acetonitrile not really recommended there's some really hard to dissolve polyols that might need this and what we typically do to compensate their effect on lowering the connectivity. It has dump a bunch of lithium chloride in there to help raise the conductivity back up. And finally, 1 of my favorites is just heat. Palm oil again, I bring it up. We got to add chloroform like crazy, but it still doesn't dissolve. It's best to eat it. We have thermostable beakers for both coloumbmetric and volumetric Karl Fischer vessels, maybe a combination I know I did heat formamide and chloroform on a sample or somebody doing it really hard to solve actually icing, cake icing. They want to do the moisture in that or water content in that. Good rule of thumb is never ever go more than 50% cosolvent. You want that alcohol to be at least 50%. And ideally, you're only doing about 30% to 40% cosolvent. Right. So ketones and aldehydes react with alcohols methanol, which is our base to form water. And obviously, that's a no-go for us. So these aldehyde and ketone specific reagents typically have a K or AK in the name. And they have historically hindered molecule that actually still reacts in the reaction in the Karl Fischer reaction like we want to like in methanol but it reacts extremely slowly with aldehyde ketones. So you're actually kind of outracing it to get 99% of the water consumed. And we've got it available as a ketone titrant, combi titrant, combi solvent and solvent available as A&K or CK anolyte and catholyte solutions. And again, like I said, there is a special solution we can use in the diaphragmless. You can always use anything titrate wise with a K in it with methanol, but not vice versa. So if you've got like solvent K, but you're using normal titrant, then you're reducing the point. But if you don't want to switch out your burette and you always want to have titrant K on, that titrant K can work with a solvent system to reduce aldehyde ketone reactions as well as normal methanol. And as the molecule gets bigger with like ethanol or isopropanol or the sterically hindered molecule for a K solutions. You actually have to raise out 100 millivolts endpoint up a little bit as the molecule gets easier because it's harder to carry that charge from pin to pin. So 100 millivolts is perfect for methanol, maybe ethanol, 125, IPA, 150, 175 and then even without aldehyde ketone, you can go up to like 200 or what we even do is we even adjust that endpoint as well as the polarization current. And those are all built in methods in most of our devices. Now for the pH very acidic or alkaline samples, we need to neutralize those molecules either before or as we add them into the solution. So often, what we'll be doing is if you're doing a very alkaline solution, a lot of the means chemical plants, they have to add a bunch of salicylic or benzoic acid to the solvent. You can kind of dump it up and add it beforehand, you're not going to allow the pH2 low. And then metazoan at the sample is to acidic. And there are some commercial solutions that are buffered out already. If you just don't want to buy that stuff and do the math. And how do you track the acidity? Well, in methanol, the acid pH scale kind of works a little differently. So my recommendation is just to do a quick inverting not inside of the vessel, but think about, hey, I add a 0.5 gram a sample, maybe take 5x that, so 2.5 grams a sample. Put it in 25 mils a solvent with 25 mils of water, stir an upper well and meet the pH. Or after you bring your sample a couple of times, you can only draw out and mix 1 part of my solvent with 1 part water and read the pH. If it's above 7%, we need to add an acid if it's below 5%, then we need to consider spiking with some metazoan to neutralize the sample. Okay. Water standards are used to either determine the concentration of the titrant, which we have to do with volumetric Karl Fischer titration as water breaks in, the titrate strength goes down and down. pharmaceuticals as daily, and I recommend that, but sometimes you can get by with a couple of more days, especially if you have a dry well maintained lab and also not so critical in your results. Again, you can never use both. So if you're using a lot a 1% water standard to standardize my volumetric Karl Fischer. If that's wrong, then it's still going to read back exactly 1% when you run it at as a sample. So you either got to go as a -- if you need to run a check standard and make sure that concentration work right, go grab another strength of standard, another type or just another lot of the same exact standard that will work too. So water can be used. We usually really avoid recommending this as a standard. What we like to do is recommended as a check standard, quick and dirty, maybe just to make sure it's kind of working right. The problem is you can only do about 2 drops. So if you want the significant figures to say 100.1 you need a 5 place balance to carry that through. So a lot of people just don't have a 5 place balance lying around or those micro syringes to handle on and introduce 2 drops raw. So there are some alternates. There's solid standards. I'm not really a big fan of the sodium tartrate to hydrate because it takes about 10 to 12 minutes to dissolve. And remember, we've always got water leaking in, and we have these drifts and we're trying to combat that. There were these tablets. I don't think that they're around anymore. I should remove that, my apologies. And then for the ovens, we really got to use a solid standard oven. And that solid standard would be used in an oven system, which you'll see about here a little bit and it releases the water. For coulombmeters, we use a 1% as a check oven standard. And then there's some 5.5%, 5% or even -- this is where maybe the sodium tartrate dehydrate. Dihydrate could be used in an oven from volumetric systems. There are some liquid standards, which are volumetric like 5 milligrams per mill for quick in duty checks. But really, of course, the weighing company. Mettler-Toledo is going to suggest that we use these NIST certified weight of the weight standards just because of the accuracy of the scale and the flexibility of making those additions. So we have a 10, 1 and 0.1 milligram per gram or the standard. There are also other chemical manufacturers that make in betweens of those and all sorts, I'm just mentioning some of the more common ones. So we really recommend for standardizing volumetric Karl Fischer a 1% or 10-milligram per gram standard, and then either a different lot or water or 0.1% standard as a check. And then if you're doing really low levels and doing oil specifically, there are also some specialty oil standards as well. So we're always a big fan of the NIST certified. If you got to check it afterwards, maybe that's when you buy a 5 place balance and do the water, right. Now we're going to talk a little bit about Karl Fischer sampling. So we've got a lot of different water in samples. If the water is in a liquid, then as long as it doesn't gel up or gum up when you inject it into the solvent, then boom water release. But we're talking about a solid, either have in trapped water, let's say, in peanut butter or chocolate bar or something like that or a gummy bear. We have crystal water that may be the copper sulfate dihydrate or sodium tartrate dihydrate that are like loosely molecularly bonded. Then we have surface water let's say, sugar. There's crystal water inside of the sugar, but most often, there's surface water. And that's a really, really big concern for sugar manufacturers because if it gets too wet, you got a bunch of guys in tyveks or galves, chipping away at a silo full sugar to break it up, so it will flow into the trucks. And then we have capillary bound water, and this is typically going to be your biological sample. So any kind of fruits, vegetables, meats, et cetera, like that or even tissue samples. And how do we get that water? Well, we can, and I know this looks kind of silly, but either direct inject into the vessel where we're doing the reaction by doing a dissolution where the sample actually dissolves or a direct inject extraction, where we actually don't dissolve the sample, but we do mechanical and other heat or steering or whatever it may be to release 99.9999% in the water in the solution. And then we call that an accurate titration. And then similarly, we may have to do all that externally. Maybe it's a coulombmeter and interferes with the reaction, we need to do it externally, and then take water out of that. And then finally, if we don't want any liquids involved on the water, we can use an oven or an evaporator. And we will talk about these techniques in more detail. So direct injection dissolution, let's say, a liquid sample, very common. I know that's not a liquid sample over on the right amount of the balance, but I wanted to show that little basket that is just amazing that comes with our excellence balances for holding up your syringe. You can pull that syringe and fill it up and place it in that little basket and you can close all the doors and kind of point to the end and you don't have to worry about doing that balancing act, laying it on the side and keeping the doors open. It comes with all of our excellence line balances. It's fantastic for synergies. And so what we like to do with standards that are liquid or even samples is draw a little bit more than you need in your syringe. I even like to -- if I want a really accurate result and especially if it's a low level, kind of do the doctor trick and wash the walls of the syringe with a little shot, squirt that out to waste, then quickly draw more than I need sample. If it's really low level of water and everyone hurts to put like a little rubber septum or cap just kind of poke your needle tip into that or cover it up, place it on the balance and 0 it. So basically, we don't care about that weight. Once the titrator is ready, we're actually going to hit the start sample button and inject our mass. We're going to do it by volume, but if you know the density, you can kind of ballpark it. So 1 gram is about 1 mil most of the time. And again, we just need to be close. The balance is going to be accurately telling us the exact way after we've injected the volume, which we think is about right. I even like to go to make sure that you pull up on the syringe a little bit after you've injected in the vessel. That way, any drops hanging off the needle, get suck back up. We don't want any drop hanging off the needle to kind of hit the septum, the injecting septum on the way out. So once you've done that, you put it back on the balance and take your sweet time for it to stabilize. The titration can begin without needing to know the weight. We just need to know the weight before it gets to the calculation especially if you're doing percent of PPM. Some tips, we may -- or we sell an 80-millimeter long needle. It seems it's really long for most needles, but it's absolutely perfect. We don't want the needle too short because if it's too short, then we may end up spraying some of our solution on the side walls and makes it in vessel. And we don't want it too long. We always want that needle just above the solution level when we're doing gravimetric analysis. Now if you're doing volumetric analysis for some reason, you've got the per mil or whatever standards, then you actually want the needle below because we want to make sure any of those drops actually hit the solution or you just need to flick it a few times to make you any drops come off because that's what we want to happen with volumetric condition. A gravimetric always above the solution. And again use that syringe or a basket for easily excellence weighing. For powders and pellets, we make this amazing thing called Smart Prep. You can see it on the right-hand side. It's kind of like a perfectly designed slick little weigh boat or weigh paper with the funnel on it. So works great for volumetric flask dilutions and getting that sample through, it also works great for transferring into Karl Fischer. My big tip here is don't put that on or an entire to 0, add a sample and just assume all the sample made it in. I like to treat it like the syringe, put my about, let's say, I need 1 grams sample in there, tare to 0, dump all the powder in as much as I can and then put it back on the balance and make sure I got all the powder in there. So I'd rather tare it all to get my about 1 gram weight out on here, but then 4.1 or whatever it may be and then transfer that in, put it back on the balance and do in a negative way, just in case some of that solid stock. Okay. Now waxy and paste like substances, this is our viscous spoon and the viscous spoon is used -- you can either put the viscous spoon on the balance and tare to 0 and then put like some wax or whatever you're testing on it and then record that weight. And what it does is, if I took a very waxy or gooey substance, I put it in this syringe, I directly inject it. It's kind of wide up in the solution and swirl around and get stuck on something and tick forever to dissolve. But with this, I kind of dangle it attached to this viscous spoon and the solution while I'm staring and it slowly all dissolves off of there. So it takes a little while, but it's really ideal for your waxy gooey substances. If you're in Nutella, either Nutella uses this to test for water content on our Karl Fischer titrators. And then there's that direct injection extraction. Now this is only possible on volumetric. And there's a bunch of different manufacturers of homogenizers out there, but in the United States, we've kind of partnered with Post Scientific for our HS280, very high-powered, very monstrous. I always think of Tim, The Toolman Tailor like the Beale Street 5,000 of homogenizers, 440A stainless steel, 8,000 RPM mixing speed. We usually have a nice thing about this too is you don't mean on the true bar in there as a dual speed 1 for grinding up and crushing your sample, 1 for light, light, light steering and make a chemical reaction go forward. You can get smaller available options from like IKA or Kinemetica, I think, again, not for coulombmetric. But some of the things that we can test are like tablets, full pharma tablets to drop them in, gummy bears, we've done wood and I've even done crab shell with this thing. So that would do all your grinding and everything into a pulp inside of the vessel for you. And then there's external extraction. And I will lay this out in picture form for you. So really, we're taking some solvent that is an extraction basically would release or capture all the water from our sample. So the sample may release the water slowly, it may need to be crushed. It may be besonicated, heated overnight, whatever. So we do this external extraction to get as much of the water out into another vessel as possible. Then we take that solution of solvent and water and inject it. So some examples are actually, methanol works great, believe it or not, even though we can't you don't want to dump a noodle or tobacco directly sometimes in the vessel, maybe you want to do that externally. Formamide, formamide 1 decane, chloroform, whatever, but basically, you want to make sure you have a really bone dry solvent that's going to absorb most of your water through some sort of extraction technique and let's look at how this works. So we want to create our blank always like we treat our samples. So it may seem stupid. But if you've got a big bottle of methanol you're using as your solvent and these extractions and then little vials, we want to make sure you put it in the vial and treat it because it may be absorbing some water or whatever. So we want to treat our blanks like our samples. We put it in a vial, we shake it up for a little bit, maybe not overnight like we did the sample. And then we take the solvent out and direct inject and maybe we do that a few times and we get an average blank value. So this methanol is 70 ppm. And just this little thing is our -- the Mettler trick, we'd like to pull the plunger out of a syringe, packet full of molecular and say we put a piece of tape on the back end and put some holes in it. And what that allows you to do is move liquids in and out of a septum sealed environment and equilibrate and release the pressure or allow air to come in, but make sure that, that air is filtered out of water. So it's a handy little device to have for these processes. Then the next time we're going to take, and we're going to weigh out or solvent. We're going to pour in some solid sample. We're going to weight the sample. Now we know the sample weight, the solvent wait, we're going to extract. We're going to shake. We're going to ultrasonic, we're going to heat. We're going to do whatever it takes to get all that water in our pour, 99.9% of it released into our solvent. We're going to allow it to settle. So we're not setting up an example. Maybe you have to centrifuge. And then we're going to take that solution out and directly inject it. We're going to treat it just like a sample. We're going to overfill this syringe, tare it to 0 and put that in there. And with all that being known, we can calculate the water from your actual sample. External -- that was external extraction, and you noticed the sample is not dissolved. We also have some situations where didn't do external dissolution same exact prospects, except for the sample dissolves. This was actually really good for lyophilized vials where you can actually take the methanol from the solvent chamber that's 0 water and inject it in and shake it up and then take all of that out and reinject it. And now your solvent has 0 water, so it makes the math a lot easier and our titrators have the ability, the 30 versions have this built in. Otherwise, if this is something you want to look into and you've got a titrator that doesn't have the extraction mode in it, I am happy to send you an Excel sheet. So same exact process is slightly different formula, including the sample weight with the solvent weight. And then finally, 1 last technique is gas phase extraction. In this case, we are taking some sort of inner gas that could be typically it's nitrogen, sometimes it's even air as long as it's in there to the reaction nature of your sample. We want to make sure that stuff is bone dry, get our background noise as low as level. We heat up our sample. We run that over. We evolve off water, hopefully not too much else and we carry that water and bubble it into our vessel via the gas where it's extracted. So basically, heating the sample to evaporate some water and then we transfer to either a Karl Fischer volumetric and coulombmetric system of the solvent. This is -- I hope you're still paying your attention. This is probably 1 of the most important slides that overlooked errors in Karl Fischer, especially anybody in analytical development, especially anybody in analytical development in pharma. This is so important to get this right to begin with. We have a sample size determinator in there, and you really are trying to add the right amount to either use 0.5 to 2 milligrams of water for coulombmeters. A little bit higher maybe 1 or 2 when you're using ovens to lower that background noise influence or we can use a little less if we needed with a modified method. But can use more, but it will take longer, need more chemicals. So if you have a coulombmeter and you know about how much PPM it is or percent, you can type that in, and it'll tell you the ideal sample size. You can hit low if you want to, but hitting the middle of that, like the 1.25 to 5, maybe 2.5 or 3 grams of IDO to that sample that would be great. Same in volumetric, it will take into account burette volume and the strength of your titrant, to try to get half of them burette to be used. In a perfect world, any titration on any Mettler system, probably any other titrator too, we want to use 30% to 80% of the burette volume per titration. We've got some customers. Unfortunately, that is 5 mL burette on there and we fill it like 3x. Well, it's time to upgrade to a 20 mL burette or cut your sample size down to 4 or 5 of what you can -- or if they use a comp too, maybe they use a stronger comp titrate. So the volume metric you got direct volume, sample size and tighter strength -- to play with to make this work. With coulometer, you really don't -- you can't change any of that. You really want to try to target that 0.5 to 2 milligrams of water per sample being injected. Again, this is very important if you're not doing this. Obviously, we can make some exceptions because the world is just the way it is, and you don't have enough sample or whatever. But if you can do this. Okay. Now we're briefly going to talk about the Karl Fischer titrators. And I know I'm nearing the end of my hours, so I'll speed this up a little bit. And you can find all this online with our titration length that I'll show you. So we've got 3 levels of volume metric and coulometric in the 10, 20, 30s with varying features. Really, the 30s are needed to run any external equipment, have full user management and GLP compliance as well as do the extractions. And then we can even take our titrators, our excellence titrators like a T5, T7, T9 and outfit them with volumetric Karl Fischer add-ons or even coulometric Karl Fischer add-ons to those. So we're going to do oil lab, we want to do chlorides and Thermometric TN and coulometric Karl Fischer, we can do that all in one titration. So the sequence of operations and in that the kind of reads like a book, it's completely flexible. You can add and remove different features. We can have up to 24 different shortcuts on our home screen. And then again, that's a kilometer option where we just slap it in and we can actually turn a tension metric titrator here, maybe doing acid and chloride and Karl Fischer coulometric titrations. We can do -- that's our in-motion auto sampler. We can do basically automated dissolution or, I guess, direct inject dissolution or extraction where you take the sample and load it up and we add methanol and whatever cosolvent to each sample as we pierce the film and go down into it, and then use a stir faster and do the titration. Obviously, this is a little bit more chemical cost, and it is not nearly as accurate as direct injection due to the openness to the atmosphere and some interferences. This is our new InMotion Karl Fischer automated oven changer, temperature range, 50 to 280 degrees, and can get about 25 samples on there, automated drift and blank determinations. What we really love is our patented FEP screw cap vials, which are air tight, no crimping, no septum needed. -- digital gas flow control, no dials in there. And then a nice little status lied at the top of it. So you can look from across the lab and see if your samples are still running or if it's ready for the next batch or if maybe a little issue, it will be flashing yellow at you like, "Hey, you forgot to put it in the sample size on. Number three, I can't do my calculation, get over here. Very robust needle system. It's guided and protected, it will ever break and appears as the vial and then pushes it down and to the already ready to go fully surrounded [indiscernible]. We also have a DO308, it's a manual oven. If you can, the Karl Fischer InMotion oven is so much better. It's a little bit more labor intensive use as D0308, pretty much the same concept, except for you either dumping into a pan or sliding that pan into the gas flow instead of having it appears the samples already dissolved in there. So you're adding this sample, so you have to remove that recoil, replace it each time. So labor intensive, but obviously cheaper and a little bit better for those people that maybe around 1 or 2 uses a day. This also manages a nice mechanical suction pump. So it actually provides a vacuum on the bottle, which is then a vacuum duct solution. It's really nice to have or no contact with their chemicals for graining waste and even adding the reagent when you want to, and it's designed so that a lot of these nasty solutions don't actually make any contact with the physical moving parts of the pump. We also have solvent control. We can look at it and say, "Hey, if I've done x-amount of water in my coulometer, I know it's about out of its ability to titrate water, so I can have a message pop up, and that's in our 3D model and tell me, "Hey, it's about time to replace the solvent. It's kind of like that E on your car for the gas. You don't have to pull over at the next gas station, but you better be looking out for one and filling up soon. So the message pops up, maybe you've got a couple of more samples in you, but really nice way to control and make sure that you're not dumping in samples into a reagent that can no longer titrate water. And then also, like on those volumetric Karl Fischer's, if you're farming, you want to make sure that, hey, I can't use this titrant if it hasn't been standardized in the last and maybe leave a little factor there, 26 hours. You can do that. You can lock that down. So it won't allow you to run samples. It will only allow you to standardize it if nobody has done that in the last 24 hours. Same with pH and stuff on our titrators too. And then what can be qualified. Well, equipment and operators. So our IPac and QPac kind of covers that, the equipment qualification. We also have these educational packs or FAS trainings. So we qualify equipment, we train and qualify operators. And we can even help you with just the full week for the pharma companies or an ISO 17025 certification for your oil or auto or ISO-certified labs. And also it's not typical, but we also offer method validation services. So we typically like to do a feasibility study to initiate and then we can either do remote or on-site work with you. And we do all the linearity accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility, all that kind of stuff and give you a nice full bullet-proof scientific document with SOP or not for you. This is kind of the premier service. So if you want Joe and Mary to keep doing their day jobs and I have to divert to validate this titration method, we are happy to help. Okay. So let's talk about a lot of the maintenance and some tips and tricks. Well, we're testing from water. Water is absolutely everywhere all the time. So one of the biggest things that we have to do is protect everything against that water humidity, we need a well-sealed titration vessel. We always want to make sure that it is greased up well the silicon grease and at all the junctions and all the ports, and one of the best way to do that is you can spend it. So if you can't walk up to your DM143 sensor and spin it lightly with the silicone grease on there then you don't have enough on, pull that out a little bit, dab a little on there, spin it around, make sure it's got a nice seal. And we use a lot of molecular sieve all over the place to protect. So sometimes we need to vent this thing and allow air to come in or be released. So we want to protect that path with molecular sieve to keep water from coming in. Molecular sieve is nice and cheap and extremely effective, but is not indicating. So you can also dump in some silicone gel if you want or use all silicone gel, it's not as effective. It's a little bit pricer, but it is indicating. Typically, what I say is on these big, big, big joint tubes down here on the bottom, about 2 to 3 months. If you're in the [ Bayou ] with an open lab, checking oil, maybe one, if you're in North Dakota in the winter, maybe you can go all in on 6 months with having to change these. You can regenerate them if you want to. It's a lot of work. We sell more or you can also mix emulsive with silicone gel to get that have in between the effectiveness, but I've got some indicator peppered in there where maybe, hey, half way down or 2/3 of the way down [indiscernible] I consider regenerating or replacing my molecular step. Steering, again, this is a slow reaction. So what we want to do is we want to stir it as fast as we can without creating bubbles. We want on a volumetric specifically on coulometric, you don't have much of an option, but on volumetric, you can change quite a bit, and it depends on the size of the stir bar and the amount of solvent you're adding, et cetera. So we really want to make there's a little bit of a vortex there to stir as fast as possible. And you'll notice we will stir in this direction too, so that when we make an injection with our titrant, it actually is right next to the sensor, but the path of the stir allows it to react with as much sample as I can before it possibly gets around and artificially give that sensor a false reading with a big, big shot of iodine. So always make sure also my little tip here is make sure that your tube on your volume metric is not touching the glass and make sure there's actually an anti-diffusion tip there with a little tiny, tiny hole, and you'll see it, especially with iodine, dark brown. You can see this scored out and make sure that's orientated. So it's kind of pushing the solution out not towards the glass wall or beaker this way, but it's pushing it out towards the path of the stir. Storage, hey, the vessel is flat, just rinse it well, clean it with water and detergent or whatever and then rinse it with alcohol to dry. Again, aldehydes and ketones besides react. So as tempted as you are to use a solvent like acetone that drives out real easily don't. The biggest thing that you can -- the worst thing that you can do to a volumetric Karl Fischer titrators not use it. Literally a week or 2 weeks without using it. What we'll often get is iodine evaporates out through our little stopcock system above the burette and you get some iodine crystals and it kind of seizes up. So walking by and either breathing into it or running a fake sample once or twice a week, will help move the solution and keep that from happening or if you're going to be for a long period of shutdown time, we want to make sure that you open up the burette and dump all that out and rinse it out really well with alcohol, nothing all, whatever it may be or you can just flush methanol through the burette and disassemble it and keep that in there, it's at a titrate. You're doing a little chemical to waste, but it's less labor used. -- always store the titrants and solvents with the original bottle caps. In fact, I even -- when they come in, if I get a 6 pack in our lab, we make sure all the caps are on it tight. We open the box check everything and then we put them away. And we even like to use a little electrical tape around the cap and the bottle to help add protection against water. Definitely make sure you're doing in that waste bottle. -- hey, the smaller the waste bottle, kind of the better, especially on Karl Fischer vessels and also make sure you have a little bit of iodine left over in those 2 when you're using them. So don't use large, large waste bottles. I know it seems more efficient, but it is not. Over titration. So we can get this too. It's supposed to be a nice light golden brown color when we have a nano access. And sometimes, you may walk up and see a really dark brown solution but that's gone. -- And it may even say over titrated on the screen there. So clean regularly, the platinum pins of the sensor and paper tissue that might be causing your over titration or the sensor is not plugged in or that stirrer bar or whatever just hit it just right to make sure that they're not parallel or one of them broke off. So they should be parallel, maybe a little incline. Normally, the big reason we have over titration is the pins get coated with something like a polyoma, may be you did't add the right [indiscernible] or chloroform and out dissolve it or you're just kind of supersaturated the solution and that kind of clogged that up. And then what happens is it thinks that there's water in there because it's not carrying, the iodine is not carrying the [indiscernible] across, but it's not carrying the [indiscernible] signal across because the [indiscernible] block, not because there's water in there there's no excess iodine. So it keeps adding, it keeps adding and finally, it hits like a point where it goes boom and downturn like 80 to 2 millivolt and you get this. You can kind of -- again, remember, raise that endpoint up a little bit from 100 millivolt that this is if you have a solution that has really reduces the connectivity of the region too. That can kind of also pause an over titration. So hopefully that makes sense, make sure your pins are straight and clean if you see a retitration, breathe on it, bringing it back up and then you can put this into your back end there and let it titrate back down to the normal level. I think this is the last slide. Colometric cell cleaning, that generator is extremely fragile and extremely expensive. So hey, if you want to clean it physically, sure, we're happy to sell you another one, but I don't think you want to. So if it's just some buildup on like polyols or oils or whatever material on there, and you just need to get it off, I love Sonicare. It doesn't have to be a nice fancy Sonicator. It can be a jewelry cleaner from Brookstone or Amazon for $25, and you can take and put whatever chemical is going to help, take whatever buildup of material you have and put it in the solution, let's say, toying for our polyols or chloroform, for oils. -- does it have to be the reagent grade nice stuff, put about $125 million in there, unscrew the cables from the generator and sensing cable and then pick that whole vessel and put it in your sonicator, let it clean, drain it to waste, maybe you rinse and you're good to go. Very rarely are we going to be testing sulfides. Typically, it's the ethanol fuel industry is a big one and sometimes crude, where that sulfide actually reacts with the platinum mesh on the generator increase platinum sulfide. The best way to clean that now, this is the mesh. This is the anode, not the cathode. The best way to deal with that is to put a 50%, 50% sulfuric acid and water solution in there and actually run a titration and an electrochemically strip off the platinum sulfide. Now the drawback is you're also taking some platinum all. So a generator could last you 10 years, but if you're doing this cleaning the sulfides, your generator may only last a couple of years, and that's just the nature of the beast unfortunately. -- clean off that asset really, really well with water and then methanol or ethanol or something like that to get rid of the water. And finally, on my little word hearing, we'll open it up to questions, and I do apologize for going over a few minutes. That's me. There's my e-mail if you have any other questions that you don't want to ask in this or follow up later now or next week, you're welcome to do so. mt.com titration, I learn more about our titrators. And then I want to briefly show the site right here, all sorts of guides, brochures, application notes, webinars on demand. Really, that lab library is just a fantastic final resource for you all. And for further information, in addition to more on demand live webinars available to you is at mt.com and getting access to our full selection of white papers, guides and user newsletters focusing on customer applications specific to your industry. Again, thank you for joining us. Have a great day. All right, folks. Thanks again for joining us. As you saw, there is a [ pull ], and I think just saw Eduardo's question there, and hopefully, I got back to you basically a solid state. Platinum and glass, it will last until you break it. So unless you go in sulfurized samples in your generator, you're slowly cleaning off platinum sulfide, then obviously, you're also taking part of the platinum off. So after about maybe 5 years, if you're an ethanol plant or crude oil or a refinery, a lot of sulfidize samples and black kicking up on there, you might need to buy a new generator. But other than that, the DM-143, yes, it will last for almost every -- it's not even really truly an electrode, the best way to say it is truly as a sensor because electrodes have electrochemistry. It is not -- you know I don't even know if it's possible to do predosing. It's not common to do predosing to the endpoint often because with Karl Fischer, I guess, it's not so fine of a control there. And also, you can get pretty aggressive. The way we set it up is that we have a far away speed and a close speed. So you could really crank up that far away speed to speed this up. And then there's also fast mechanisms, too. So you can lower the control van up the min rate, up the max rate. I don't know if you have a V30S or an older V30, look at the beat, like there's a 1-comp 5 method default and then there's a 1-comp 5 method fast. And if you look at those parameters, you'll see where we get really aggressive and fast so we can kind of speed up the Karl Fischer volumetric titration and we give up a little bit of accuracy for that. But let me -- I'm actually going to open up our LabX and share that and look for this real quick. Like I said, I don't think -- I've never been asked that, so I don't think it's a common application. So here's the 2 methods. Again, the 1-comp 5 is your default. I know this is probably a little bit small because I'm on my big screen and I got my resolution on LabX a little low. So in this case, yes, there is the pre dispense. We can do it by volume, so you can just gush and dump in x amount in there. You can make sure the start is on normal, not cautious. And then this is the normal rate whereas -- and this is the beauty of this. So we can just take a quick look. The normal rate here to an addition to your predosing is the fast methods -- I don't agree with this. Let's not lower the endpoint from 100 to 80, but you could go maybe 90%, 95% or leave it at 100%. But the big thing here is the dosing rate. We went from 5 mL per minute when we're far away from the endpoint to '15. You can play maybe somewhere in there, if you're currently doing this and looking to speed up. We can always increase these numbers somewhere in between there and tailor your own kind of little speed versus accuracy. So hopefully, that helps address that question. Yes, you can predose if you're using volumetric. Coulometric, you cannot predose, it's amperage. You got to wait until the electrical current contacts and mix the iodine. It goes pretty fast. Most of our coulometric titrations are done in less than 2 minutes. And then let's see whether any limitations are running, for example, in their particle size. We haven't seen -- so the auto sampler as far as the oven goes, no, because the particles shouldn't really come over. The needle is way up at the top, and it's basically a shrouded needle is like in and out. So there really shouldn't be any problem with that. Unless for some reason, you have a really like powdery poofy kind of sample where an air current is going to blast up the crystals or the material in the air and move it around, then we may see a little issue. And I think I just had a discussion with somebody about this about how to address this. And what we are going to do is we commonly do this with oils as a dean stark analysis where we add toluene to each oil. So what we were discussing was possibly stamping that material down by using a liquid on top of it, that it would be miscible with or by not using the oven and potentially doing some sort of external extraction. So yes, that one -- I mean, you got an air current with another and if it's really, really, really, really blows around a lot that might be the issue. Otherwise, add a 1 mL of methanol on top, maybe lower the temperature down, we get it to [indiscernible] or some of the other... Or yes, ovens of the route, and you got to throw labor at it. Inject maybe a dry solvent on top of it the way that both materials mix it up, blended, extract or dissolve and then inject aliquot into the vessel. If you're running -- it won't be configured the sample size isn't actually configured in LabX. It's configured by the method and the setup of the titrator. So I won't be able to show you that here. What I'm going to do, adjust, I don't even have this. I just actually got a new computer, and I did not install my simulator yet. And if your companies like mine, I have to go through some work to install some things. So I do apologize. But the -- I do have, I believe, let's say -- I know I got a colleague on here that probably has a simulator I might throw on the spot, but let's see. I actually have this that kind of simulates it. And hopefully, you can see this okay. And this is going to say, hey, look, for a 1,000 PPM aka 0.1%. When you're looking for 1-comp 5 with a 5 mL burette, that's standard delivered on V30, you're going to be looking at a 7.5 to 17.5 grams sample size. That's pretty large, so maybe it's not ideal. But you know. And then as we go with the larger burette, it's higher and then as we go with maybe the same size burette but with a comp-2, then we start to get agreeable. But hey, look at that, it's really ideal for coulometer. So there is some crossover there. And as you saw, you can really get aggressive with the volumetric and dosing and predose and do all that, you can also kind of tune the coulometer down to go a little bit smaller and you can also turn the volumetric down a little bit with this -- with the smaller size or maybe we look at something a little bit larger, estimated water content is 2%, then it absolutely makes sense to start looking at the standard delivery here of maybe 0.5 gram or something like that for the standard volumetric Karl Fischer titrate with the 5 mL burette 1-comp 5. So I'm happy to drop this in the chats and it to somebody, but also each instrument as you're running the method, you hit more and there's a sample size calculator that's going to do the same math. Now granted, it's not fuzzylogic. So if you have a 20 mL burette with comp 5 on it and you say, "Hey, look, I want to run 0.02% it's going to come up with something ridiculous, but that's what we told it to do. So when you get numbers at big, then hey, we need to change something or modifying our technique and SOPs. So that's kind of what we're doing. We're trying to hit the middle of the burette or 1 milligram of water delivper sample if it's a coulometer. So -- but yes, this is just simple math. They say, "Hey, look, I got a 5 mL burette, that is 5 mg per mL. So you just reversed the math out to figure out what we would add there. I answered all these and maybe not a perfect answer for the [indiscernible] powdery materials, but something to try or consider? And maybe [indiscernible] not ideal for that sample. Yes. Any other questions? And of course, if you don't feel like doing it now, my e-mail is flashed up on that presentation, you should have our contact information. You can always e-mail where we can set up a call and discuss your applications any time? Okay. I'll do going once, going twice, going 3 times, call it, and thank you all again for your time and attention today, and wish you good luck and titration and let us know if we can ever do anything to help you out. Thank you. Bye.