Tronox Holdings plc (TROX) Earnings Call Transcript & Summary

Good morning, and welcome to the Tronox Holdings Second Quarter 2026 Earnings Call. [Operator Instructions] I would now like to turn the call over to Jennifer Guenther, Chief Sustainability Officer, Head of Investor Relations and External Affairs. Jennifer, please go ahead.

Thank you, and welcome to our Second Quarter 2026 Conference Call and Webcast. Turning to Slide 2. On our call today are John Romano, Chief Executive Officer; and John Srivisal, Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer. We will be using slides as we move through today's call. You can access the presentation on our website at investor.tronox.com. Moving to Slide 3. A friendly reminder that comments made on this call and the information provided in our presentation and on our website include certain statements that are forward-looking and subject to various risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the specific factors summarized in our SEC filings. This information represents our best judgment based on what we know today. However, actual results may vary based on these risks and uncertainties. The company undertakes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements. During the conference call, we will refer to certain non-U.S. GAAP financial terms that we use in the management of our business and believe are useful to investors in evaluating the company's performance. Reconciliations to their nearest U.S. GAAP terms are provided in our earnings release and in the appendix of the accompanying presentation. Additionally, please note that all financial comparisons made during the call are on a year-over-year basis unless otherwise noted. It is now my pleasure to turn the call over to John Romano. John?

Thanks, Jennifer, and good morning, everyone. We'll begin this morning on Slide 4. In the second quarter, we continued to build on the commercial momentum we saw in the first quarter. TiO2 volumes came in at the high end of our guidance and at the highest level since Q2 of 2022. Zircon volumes exceeded our expectations and surpassed the strong levels achieved in Q1 as supply remained constrained across the industry. This performance reflects disciplined commercial execution, strong customer engagement and the value of our global footprint, which continues to allow us to reliably serve customers as supply dynamics shift across our markets. We also continue to see meaningful structural benefits from antidumping measures. In addition, customer shifts in certain markets, including India, where customers are increasingly prioritizing reliable supply and long-term supplier relationships are driving strong volumes in the region. And as it relates to India, on August 3, the Indian Trade Defense Agency issued a recommendation that duties on Chinese made TiO2 be reinstated. The level of the duties recommended is unchanged from the original duties imposed in May of 2025. The recommendation now goes to the Minister of Finance, which has 90 days to approve. We believe this represents another important step towards reestablishing a more level and competitive environment. Given the long lead times associated with global shipments, the impact is unlikely to be immediate. But over time, we would expect these measures to impact Chinese exports into India and further support the structural changes already underway in the market. We also remain encouraged by the progress of the antidumping investigations in Australia and the United Kingdom, and we'll continue to evaluate additional appropriate actions such as anti-absorption in markets where duties have already been imposed to support fair competition. Additionally, broader supply dynamics continue to evolve. Capacity curtailments, logistics challenges and trade defense measures are impacting supply and trade flows across a number of regions. On pricing, we previously announced increase took effect as planned during the second quarter, driving sequential pricing improvement of 5% for both TiO2 and zircon. The improvement in Q2 was driven primarily by higher base pricing rather than temporary surcharge mechanisms. We also announced additional pricing actions for both products that have gone into effect in the third quarter. While we continue to use targeted surcharges where appropriate, our focus has shifted towards more sustainable pricing actions that reflect the current market conditions, higher input costs, the value of our reliable supply. We will discuss our outlook in more detail later in the call, but the continued realization of these pricing actions remains an important driver of our expected margin improvement in the third quarter. From a cost perspective, we continue to realize the benefits from our cost improvement program, which remains on track to deliver at the higher end of our $125 million to $175 million run rate target at the end of 2026. These efforts contributed to sales of lower cost inventory during the quarter and helped offset a number of headwinds. As expected, our second quarter cost profile reflected the impact of the planned outages. We successfully completed both the regulatory outage in Stallingborough and our extended SR kiln outage. These were significant planned events for the year, and I want to recognize our teams for executing both safely and efficiently. Importantly, those outages are now behind us and position us for improved operating performance moving forward. While we see elevated costs stemming from the conflict in the Middle East and unfavorable foreign exchange movement, we delivered adjusted EBITDA within our expected range for the quarter. We also made strong progress on cash generation and working capital. Free cash flow was a positive in the second quarter, and we reduced inventory by approximately $120 million from the first quarter level, bringing inventory to its lowest level since June of 2024. We remain focused on strengthening liquidity, improving working capital efficiency and continuing to optimize our capital structure to enhance financial flexibility. At the same time, we're making targeted operational decisions to support demand and product availability. This includes the restart of a furnace and advancing plans to bring production back online at our West Mine, both at Namakwa to support inventory levels, including zircon to meet demand as we continue to ramp up East OFS to full production. While the situation in the Middle East remains dynamic, our approach remains focused on factors we can control and influence. We are actively evaluating market conditions, customer demand, supply chain impacts and input costs and taking targeted commercial and operational actions where appropriate. As conditions evolve, we'll remain disciplined and adaptable, focused on maintaining reliable supply to our customers while protecting earnings and cash flow. I'll speak to our expectations for the third quarter and the full year in more detail later in the call. But for now, I'll turn the call over to John to review our financials from the second quarter in more detail. John?

Thank you, John. Turning to Slide 5. We generated revenue of $868 million, an increase of 19% versus the second quarter of 2025, driven by higher TiO2 and zircon volumes, partly offset by lower average selling prices of zircon, including mix. Loss from operations was $21 million. Net loss attributable to Tronox is $171 million, including a $103 million valuation allowance on certain state deferred tax assets in the U.S. Adjusted diluted earnings per share was a loss of $0.51. Adjusted EBITDA was $73 million, and our adjusted EBITDA margin was 8.4%. Capital expenditures were $45 million and free cash flow was a source of $60 million for the quarter. Now let's move to the next slide for a review of our commercial performance. As John mentioned, TiO2 volumes came in at the high end of our range and zircon came in better than expected. Pricing for both TiO2 and zircon were in line with our expectations. Sequentially, TiO2 revenues increased 14%, driven by a 9% increase in volumes and a 5% increase in average selling prices, including mix. Volumes came in as expected, driven by stronger demand on the back of the structural shifts that John mentioned earlier. Zircon revenues increased 9% sequentially, driven by a 4% increase in volumes and a 5% increase in average selling prices, including mix. Volume remained strong following a solid first quarter, reflecting continued customer realignment in the capacity-constrained environment. Zircon pricing reflected increases that were announced in the first quarter and took effect in the second quarter as we referenced on our last earnings call. And revenue from other products decreased 7% compared to the prior year, which represented a 29% increase sequentially, driven by pig iron volumes. Turning to the next slide. I will now review our operating performance for the quarter. Our adjusted EBITDA of $73 million represented a 22% decline year-on-year as a result of exchange rate headwinds, unfavorable pricing, including mix and higher production costs, freight and other expenses. This was partially offset by the increase in sales volume that I discussed on the previous slide. The year-over-year production cost increase of $10 million included the impact of the planned regulatory-driven outages as well as the continued effect of actions taken over the last year to enhance cash generation by slowing select mining operating rates. Partially offsetting these impacts were sales of lower-cost inventory and savings associated with our cost improvement program and plant closures. Sequentially, adjusted EBITDA increased 18%. Favorable pricing, including mix and higher sales volume were partially offset by higher production costs, exchange rate headwinds and higher freight and other costs. Turning to the next slide. We ended the quarter with total debt of $3.2 billion and net debt of $3 billion. Our weighted average interest rate in Q2 was approximately 6%, and we maintain swaps such that approximately 75% of our interest rates are fixed through 2028. Importantly, our next significant debt maturity is not until 2029. We do not have any financial covenants on our term loans or bonds. Liquidity as of June 30 was $527 million, including $194 million in cash and cash equivalents. Over the last year, we've demonstrated the numerous levers at our disposal to proactively manage our balance sheet and enhance our liquidity position. Towards that end, in the second quarter, we replaced the expired short-term Emirates Revolver with a new $75 million long-term financing arrangement that provides us with greater financial flexibility. Working capital was a source of approximately $101 million in the second quarter, excluding $10 million of restructuring payments. This was driven by better-than-planned inventory reductions from targeted working capital initiatives, partially offset by higher AR and lower AP. Capital expenditures of $45 million in the quarter were primarily related to maintenance and safety, and we returned $8 million to shareholders in the form of dividends during the quarter. And with that, I'll hand it back to John to review our capital allocation priorities. John?

Thank you, John. Turning to Slide 9. Our capital allocation priorities remain unchanged. We continue investing to maintain our assets, preserve our vertical integration advantage and advance projects that support our long-term strategy, including rare earths. As earning and cash generation recover, we'll resume debt paydown, targeting a long-term net leverage of less than 3x. With that, I'd like to turn to our outlook and walk through some of the assumptions that will drive our performance in the third quarter. So turning to Slide 10. Following a strong first half of the year, we expect TiO2 volumes to be down moderately in the third quarter in the mid-single-digit percentage range, consistent with normal seasonal patterns. We expect zircon volumes to moderate slightly following a very strong first half, primarily due to inventory availability. On pricing for both TiO2 and zircon, the announced increases during the second quarter have taken effect and are positively impacting our margins in the third quarter. As a result, we expect TiO2 pricing to increase sequentially in the mid-single-digit percentage range and zircon pricing to increase in the mid- to high single-digit percentage range. It's worth noting that we are transitioning away from some of the temporary surcharge mechanisms and focusing more on base price improvements. We continue to utilize targeted surcharges where appropriate, now largely limited to sulfur-related costs in Brazil and Thann. From an operational perspective, the planned and extended outage activity that impacted the second quarter is now behind us. In the third quarter, we anticipate improved performance driven by higher operating rates and the continued sale of lower cost inventory. These benefits are expected to be partially offset by an elevated sulfuric acid, diesel, utilities and other inputs such as tungsten, resulting from the ongoing volatility in the Middle East. We remain focused on recovering these higher costs through pricing and other commercial initiatives over time. As a result, we expect third quarter adjusted EBITDA to be in the range of $95 million to $115 million and expect margins to improve sequentially in the third quarter. We expect free cash flow to be relatively neutral in the third quarter as it includes the semiannual interest payments. We made significant progress on pricing, inventory reduction and liquidity during the first half, ensuring a position of strength as we move into the second half. Based on our outlook today, we continue to expect meaningful positive free cash flow for the full year 2026. Incorporated into our guide are the following assumptions on cash for the year. Net cash interest of approximately $190 million, net cash taxes of less than $10 million, capital expenditures of less than $260 million, and we expect working capital to be a source of cash well in excess of $100 million. Turning to Slide 11. As we discussed throughout the call, the operating environment continues to evolve, particularly as the ongoing conflict in the Middle East impacts supply chains, trade flows and input costs. Against that backdrop, we've taken deliberate actions within our control to strengthen the business and position ourselves for the opportunities ahead. Commercially, we continue to execute on pricing, maintaining disciplined customer engagement and leverage the strength of our global footprint and reliable supply position. Trade defense remains an important component of that strategy. We continue to see the benefits of measures already in place and remain focused on supporting a fair and competitive market environment. We also continue to closely monitor global trade flows and support additional actions where appropriate. Operationally, our focus remains on strengthening the advantage of our vertically integrated business model, improving our cost profile and enhancing operational efficiencies. We continue to evaluate production plans across our asset base to ensure we're balancing customer demand, inventory levels, cash generation and operating efficiency. As a result, we're beginning to see an improvement in a number of factors that weighed on earnings during the first half. Operating rates are improving, utilization levels are increasing and the impact of unfavorable absorption should continue to moderate as we move through the balance of the year. That said, not every factor is within our control. Input and logistics costs remain elevated, broader inflationary pressures persist and economic conditions remain volatile. We cannot control the macro environment, but we can control how we run the business. The actions we've taken over the last several quarters have strengthened our cost structure, improved our financial flexibility and enhanced the long-term earnings potential of the business. As pricing actions continue to build, operating rates improve and the benefits of our vertically integrated business model become more pronounced, we believe Tronox is increasingly well positioned to capitalize on the structural changes taking place across our markets. Combined with the improving market conditions over time, those factors have the potential to drive a meaningful step change in earnings and free cash flow. Turning to Slide 12. I'd like to touch on our rare earths initiative before we turn the call over to questions. We continue to advance our rare earth strategy while remaining prudent around capital. We're engaging broadly with stakeholders, including potential customers, strategic partners and funding sources to identify the most viable and responsible way forward for the project. The definitive feasibility study for the cracking and leaching facility in Australia to produce mixed rare earth carbonate or MREC is expected to conclude in the third quarter of 2027. The expected capacity of that facility is 10,000 tons per year on a total rare earth oxide basis with a start-up expected in late 2029, assuming we continue on the current trajectory. Simultaneously, we continue to evaluate the potential to move further downstream through the build-out of a rare earth refinery to produce separated rare earth oxides from the MREC produced in Australia, and we are currently scoping possible sites, including our Hamilton, Mississippi site, which is highly advantaged for rare earth refining due to low-cost power and reagents used in solvent extraction. These ongoing discussions are instrumental in shaping our approach and ensuring that we pursue opportunities that align both with our strategic vision and our values. Our approach remains steadfast in its dedication to generating long-term shareholder value. We are carefully balancing strategic opportunities with prudent financial management. We believe that rare earths represents a compelling growth platform for Tronox, leveraging our vertical integration, our existing mining footprint and our expertise in hydrometallurgical and chemical operations to create new avenues for sustainable growth. So that will conclude our prepared remarks. We'll now turn the call back over to the operator for Q&A. Operator?

[Operator Instructions] Your first question comes from the line of David Begleiter with Deutsche Bank.

John, just on your potential U.S. rare earth refinery, would you pursue without U.S. government pricing support? And do you still think you need a technology and/or financial partner for that potential refinery?

Yes. Thanks. So look, I guess 2 things. One, the first -- we're looking at this in phases. So the first phase is the MREC plant in Australia. Second phase would be to go to a separated oxide facility and possibly in Hamilton, Mississippi. So we're still looking at all possible avenues for financing. And from the MREC facility, we don't need a technology partner. But ultimately, for making mix or going to separated oxides, we're still exploring what that right avenue would be and if, in fact, we needed a strategic partner. So we're still making progress. First phase of our approach, although simultaneously, we're looking at what we might do with a separated oxide facility in Hamilton, where our primary focus right now is getting that definitive feasibility study done for the MREC plant in Australia.

Very good. And just on India, are these reinstated tariffs potentially high enough to preclude all Chinese imports? Can you remind us what those imports have been in the last few years into India?

I wouldn't expect that all the exports are going to go away. I mean the reality is China is going to be a competitor of ours for a long period of time, and we have to be competitive with them and these trade measures are a bridge for us to continue to improve our cost profile and be able to compete fairly. That being said, we do think that the duties that have been announced and were stayed and now there's been a motion by the Trade Defense Agency in India to reinstate those. Those numbers range from on the low end of $460 to the high end of $681, and we believe that those are going to be enough to help us manage that business in a better way. And when you think about our volumes in India, even though those duties have been stayed, our volumes are still growing in India. Even though the exports from China into India in the last month were higher, our volumes from Q2 to -- from Q1 to Q2 continue to increase.

Your next question comes from the line of Josh Spector with UBS.

I wanted to ask just on your comments around the surcharge to structural pricing kind of transition here. So how much pricing in 2Q would you say was from surcharges? And what's kind of left within the mix today?

Yes. So thanks for your question, Josh. So what's left in the mix today is a small portion that's largely tied to sulfur. And again, the majority of it is tied to sulfur. There's still a few that are lagging out there. In the second quarter, I think we had some color on that in the first call was about 60% to 70% of the price that we increased in the first quarter was strictly pricing and the balance was surcharges. And so when you think about that transition into Q3, where we're still talking mid-single-digit price increases, we converted some of what was surcharges into longer-term pricing because that longer-term pricing is stickier than surcharges.

Okay. No, that makes sense. And if I could ask more broadly just about kind of the industry from here. I mean it's nice to see Western players starting to get more price. But I guess when we look around, some of the industry was tight because of Western outages from some of your competitors that are now ramping up supply. There's potentially more supply in Europe. China supply seems like it's just not going away from the export market for whatever reason. I guess if we don't have a good coating season next year, does this create a headwind that means that it's going to be harder to keep price and potentially get back price? Or if not, like why do you think that would trend the other way?

Yes. Look, it's a great question. And -- what I can say is that the market will recover, but I can't be specific on when it is going to recover. I think the important part is what we're seeing right now is all on the back of what you just described, which is a structural shift in the supply base. And when pricing was moving down over the course of the last several years, what you saw was customers weren't really buying much inventory because there was always an assumption that price might be lower in the next quarter or the next month. So as pricing starts to move up, what we saw is that customers started to rebuild some inventory. And very quickly, we got to the point where we talked a little bit about having constraints around what we can even take on the order pattern because we're selling everything that we're making now, we drew down inventory. So what that says is that any kind of a flex on demand, whether it's structural or true demand drivers, the industry is having a tough time even with China, filling that on a short-term basis because there's -- you have to remember, even with the capacity coming back in Spain, the capacity coming back in Italy and the announcement that Lohmann is starting their facility in the U.K. in August, and they'll start to ramp that up. And to be clear, we don't know any more than what's been reported. There's still more than 1 million tons of capacity that's come offline net. And that's why I still think what's happening right now, not on the back of demand, there's more upside when the market does recover. And I don't -- I can't say there won't be any downside on pricing. But right now, we're in a comfortable place, and we think we're on the right trajectory with 2 quarters of price improvement under our belt in a market that has not been supported by demand improvement.

[Operator Instructions] Your next question comes from the line of Duffy Fischer with Goldman Sachs.

First question is just on the midpoint of your guide, you're up sequentially about $32 million in EBITDA. Could you do just kind of a quick bridge like you did on Slide 7, how much of that $32 million improvement comes from price? Obviously, volume probably is a little bit of a negative because you called that as down. And then how much is getting better on cost?

Yes. Thanks, Duffy. We don't want to give specific numbers there. Obviously, we've given a guide around what we expect high-level volumes and pricing to drive. But pricing is driving the majority of the improvement quarter-over-quarter. We are seeing declines. It's more seasonal related on TiO2 and zircon. But we're also seeing a benefit on the cost. If you recall, we did have a couple of significant outages in Q2 that will be added back to Q3 as well as better costs from our sustainable cost improvement program as well as shutdowns of our Botlek and Fuzhou facilities. So we are seeing that net-net be a slight benefit. However, obviously, there's a lot going on with the war that we can't control. We're seeing costs escalate. We're going to try to cover as much as we can, but that potentially could be a headwind. And as you've already seen on the Q1 and Q2 year-over-year graphs, bridges that we provided. FX is a huge headwind year-over-year. So we're needing to overcome that. But again, the biggest item driving our earnings improvement is pricing.

And then just a clarification. The comment you guys were making around zircon where inventory is going to limit sales in Q3, is that because you've drawn down your inventory, so you don't have as much excess inventory to sell above production or that inventory at your customer level where they've kind of built back some inventory and maybe their demand pull isn't as strong?

No, that's our inventory and our ability to meet that. And it's really more towards the end of the quarter, so there could be some volume slipping out as far as rolling. But we have pulled back our inventory significantly with the last 3 quarters of high sales. So that's our inventory being lower. And again, it's not so much having it, but having it at the right time and making sure we get those shipments out. That's that's why we made that comment moderating slightly due to inventory.

And that's the reason why we are bringing the West Mine up because that will give us a significant amount of zircon inventory later in the year.

Your next question comes from the line of Jeff Zekauskas with JPMorgan.

I think Chinese imports into Europe year-to-date are up 25%. And there are obviously high tariffs in Europe. What do you make of the increase in Chinese imports if you see it the same way?

Yes, Jeff, look, again, we get the question on the Chinese imports a lot, and they were up. And when you think about a lot of those exports was a big increase in India. There was also a significant increase in chloride exports, which I'd say wasn't abnormal for the first -- for the last couple of months, but it's just noteworthy. And I think that's coming from the fact that sulfur prices have gone up so much that some of the chloride producers over there. And if you think about nameplate or actual production that we're forecasting out of China in 2026 is about just under 5 million tons and about just under 1 million of that is chloride. They're starting to export some of that material. And China is not very strong right now. So we still sell in China. China is a weak market even though we don't have an asset there any longer. So there is an element of continuing to push exports out because the market in China is weak. And then you've also got the issue where we've got it on pretty good authority that there are a number of producers over there that are curtailing production, and they've got inventory, but they need to generate cash. So I can't be specific as to exactly why they're doing it, but exports are up. The big swing was in India, and I'll restate what I made earlier, even though their exports were up, there was some repositioning in India where some suppliers aren't supplying as much there. So our volumes from Q1 to Q2 went up in India as well. And I think there could be also one last element of -- I made reference that the trade agency in India has now recommended the duties come back online. There was an assumption that, that could happen. Those duties won't be retroactive. So there could be some movement of inventory over into China. I mean, into India, knowing that those duties are going to come back. So they're building a bit of inventory over there. And that's why I made the comment that it could take some time before we see that benefit because there's going to be some inventory build in India from some of those Chinese exports.

I will say as well, we have seen chloride volumes go up pretty significantly. It's almost doubled in the EU but you have to keep in mind, as you know, the majority of the Chinese producers are sulfate. So you will be more capped on the exports in -- from China on chloride. Obviously, they're exporting chloride because sulfur price has gone up significantly. So it is more economical for them on a chloride basis.

And then maybe a financial question. Two parts, your gross profits are down year-over-year in the quarter and for the 6 months. Should we read that as whatever the price and volume increases have been, they've not been large enough to outstrip your cost inflation? Is that a fair appraisal? And second, do you expect your inventories at the end of the year to be lower than they are today? And maybe if you can tell us how you've brought down your inventories.

Sure. No, good questions there. I would say on your first question, from a gross margin perspective, obviously, costs have been inflated significantly year-over-year, in particular, following the war, prices have skyrocketed in sulfur, which we do consume some of it as well as some other costs. I think you need to keep in mind that we had 2 major outages in Q2. So all that cost with no production does go and expense in that quarter versus if you had some production above a certain level, you would spread it out. It would go to inventory. So I think that's part of what's missing. We have seen pricing increasing and provide more gap versus cost increases generally in the first half of the year.

Yes. And just maybe on those 2 outages, remember, the outage on the SR kiln was north of 50 days. And the Stallingborough outage was scheduled for 24 and it went to 29. So all of the costs that we had that could have been into a small amount of inventory based on Stallingborough, we absorbed all those in the month of June, and that's why we're going to have better costs going into the third quarter because we took that hit in the form of an idle facility charge in the third quarter in the month of June. I mean second quarter in the month of June.

On your second on inventory, obviously, you've seen Q2. We took a big change in our operating method to purposely slow down our production in order to unlock cash through inventory. So you saw $120 million roughly of cash being released from inventory. This was primarily finished goods, so primarily pigment and zircon, a lesser extent, feedstock. As you -- we look towards the rest of the year, as we've mentioned, we are ramping up our facilities running the pigment plants unconstrained. As John mentioned, we do have more orders than we've been able to fill. So we will ramp up those facilities, but we will be able to sell them, we believe. And so we do still see inventory lowering in the second half of the year. It's just not going to be the extent of what we brought down in Q1 and Q2. If you want to finish the working capital side of it, we do see obviously more cash generating in Q3 and Q4 from AR. And just as we expect volumes to be down a bit. So we do expect to collect more in AR.

And in that range of EBITDA that we talked about in the third quarter, we're still expecting to draw more finished goods inventory down because we've got more sales than we're producing. But in the fourth quarter, again, you're going to see seasonal shift. And typically, we would build some inventory in the third -- in the fourth quarter, but that will largely be TiO2 inventory. We don't believe we'll build any zircon inventory.

Maybe if I can squeeze in a last one. Why should your free cash flow in the fourth quarter be much better than the other quarters? What's going on in the fourth quarter? What are the levers?

Yes. I mean the biggest driver is what I mentioned is working capital, primarily AR. So as you know, it's seasonally down. So you should collect from that. And secondly, if you look at, for example, our profile quarterly, we have 2 big interest payments in first quarter and second quarter, each $50 million. So you have to add that back to Q4. So that gives us confidence that we're going to generate a significant amount of free cash flow in Q4.

Your next question comes from the line of Hassan Ahmed with Alembic Global.

John, a question around cost curves. Obviously, sulfur availability remains an issue. Sulfuric acid prices have gone up a fair bit. And obviously, China is curbing the exports of sulfuric acid as well. So I mean, as you look at the cost curves, what percentage of the industry do you think is in the red right now? And part and parcel with that, I mean, historically, over the last couple of quarters, you guys would give an update on the rationalization side of things. So where do we stand on that front as well?

Thanks, Hassan. So look, it's really hard to get a super accurate read on exactly what's going on in China. But I'll give you anecdotally what we've heard recently is there are as many as 19 to 20 producers in China that are curtailing for the very reason that you just identified. Sulfur prices, I think on our last call, we were talking about pricing being up 300%. Sulfur prices are up 400% now. And on a sulfur basis, that's like a 1:1 -- sulfur goes up, you got to raise the price for TiO2 accordingly. We've also made that correlation to sulfuric acid. As it goes up $100, you have to raise the price $300. So pricing has started to move. You've got this dynamic where we talked a little bit about China's increase in exports of chloride versus sulfate. Chloride becomes -- pricing for chloride TiO2 hasn't gone up as much as the costs have gone up for sulfur. So I guess short answer, I would say the majority of producers are now not able to pass through all the sulfur charges. Again, we're using surcharges for sulfur, both in Thann and Brazil, but there's a limit to what we can do to make sure we continue to maintain competitive activity, and we maintain our share. So I would say the majority of them are and one of the reasons are losing money. But one of the reasons exports are still increasing. And again, it's hard for me to gauge that month-to-month. One is I think there is a belief understanding that duties are going to come back in India. So that's why you saw that channel get filled up a bit. But there were exports increased in a lot of other countries. And I think the Chinese are continuing to push volumes out because they need to generate cash. It's not so much for making money.

Fair enough. And one of the points that you raised, which I think is kind of interesting, now that there's more clarity around the antidumping measures in India in particular. I mean, obviously, I think there was some concern around elevated exports coming out of China. So do you really think that ahead of potentially these antidumping measures, the Chinese may have elevated their exports to India in particular? And could that be an opportunity for you, call it, post the 90-day period that you guys spoke about of garnering more market share out in India in particular?

I agree with that 100%. And one of the reasons they're doing it is because although they have said they're going to reinstate the duties, there isn't going to be any retroactive duty on that. So customers are, I would say, the issue is there's not a lot of opportunity for them to store material over in India based on -- there's not -- those Chinese companies don't have a lot of wholly owned subsidiaries over there. So I do think there is a bit of customers buying more of the Chinese on the assumption that those duties are going to go away. And I would agree with both your timing and the definition of how you describe what the Chinese are doing at this particular stage on the assumption that those duties are coming back.

Your next question comes from the line of John Roberts with Mizuho.